FIDIC

directory

Details institutions FIDIC publications FIDIC contract project management organizations on terms of the contract construction management measure risk-sharing certificates and payment of the contract changes and claims management project launched edit this section details FIDIC FIDIC is the international organization the most authoritative by the World Bank recognized consulting engineers organization, currently (2006) has more than 76 member countries, which belong to four regional organizations, namely ASPAC-member Association of Asia and the Pacific, CEDIC-EC member Association, CAMA-member Association of African Group, RINORD-member Association of Nordic Group. FIDIC headquarters in Lausanne, Switzerland, in 2002 moved to Geneva, the main functions of the body are: Executive Committee (TEC), Civil Engineering Contracts Committee (CECC), the owners and consulting engineers Relations Commission (CCRC), Professional Liability Committee (PLC) and Secretary Department. FIDIC publications (a) Civil Engineering Construction Contract Conditions, (commonly referred to FIDIC conditions) in 1957, the International Federation of Consulting Engineers published the first standard civil engineering construction conditions of contract, before there is no special preparation for international works contract conditions. In the first edition was being used in the UK Institution of Civil Engineers' Civil Engineering General Contract Conditions "is modeled. Since the standard contracts cover in red, and soon the "Red Book" and known around the world. Version 2 was released in 1963. Just based on the increase in the first edition of dredging and reclamation contract for the third part of the first edition did not change the conditions that are included. 3rd edition published in 1977. 2nd edition made for a comprehensive revision. International Federation of the European construction industry in Asia and the Western Pacific Contractors Association International Federation of American States Construction Industry Association, General Contractors Association of America, the International Association of Dredging Companies of mutual recognition. Recommended by the World Bank included in the third edition of the FIDIC conditions of the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank jointly prepared "engineering procurement tender documents sample." Visible, FIDIC conditions on the third edition has been widely recognized by the international and recommendation. 4th edition published in 1987, were revised in 1988. The revision amendments FIDIC more than ever with the World Bank were also consulted. At the same time, but also in monitoring the use of the third edition has experience of the United Arab Foundation deputies extensive contacts. Version 4 in the third edition were negotiated on the basis of more changes. In version 4 revision, also agreed to the Contractor's Representative in the drafting process of consulting position, but still FIDIC solely responsible for finalization. Parties have the opportunity to fully consult deeply: benefit, but that does not mean these consultations on the 4th edition of the entire recognition. (Two) Civil Engineering Construction Contract Conditions Notes 1977, FIDIC published for the "Civil Engineering Construction (internationally) Contract Conditions" third edition of the explanatory document, the "civil contract document notes." 1989, FIDIC published for the "Civil Engineering Construction Contract Conditions" published in September 1987, 1988 revised 4th edition notes that "Civil Engineering Construction Contract Conditions Application Guide." These two books are guiding information, the book helps to understand the comment "condition" rather than "condition" an authoritative legal interpretation. (Three) of the Landlord and consulting engineer services contract in 1979, FIDIC owners and consulting engineers Commission prepared the "design and construction supervision of templates and general rules of international agreement" that "1GRA I979 D & s"; "IGRA1979 P1"; 1980 years and published "The owners and consulting engineers Project Management Templates and general rules of international agreement" that "1GRA 1980 PM". 1990, FIDIC in the above three documents prepared on the basis of the "Owner / Consulting Engineers Standard Service Agreement" in lieu of the above documents can be used for pre-investment studies, feasibility studies, design and construction management, project management, such an agreement books and Conditions of Contract apply equally to domestic protocol. The book referred to as "white." FIDIC will be published "Consultation Agreement file comments" on the terms of the Agreement and the Annexes A and C ("Services" and "payment") to explain. (Four) electrical and mechanical engineering FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Electrical Mechanical Contracts Committee has prepared and revised the "Conditions of Contract for Electrical and Mechanical Engineering", 1987 prepared the third edition, revised 1988 issue. The book referred to as "Yellow Book", mainly used in electrical and mechanical engineering (including on-site installation) of the contract, the conditions are also divided into general and special conditions of two parts. (Five) the International Federation of Consulting Engineers tender procedure (FIDIC) has also prepared a "civil contract Bidding Program," a book to guide the project bidding. (Six) Other publications such as "consulting engineer's role in the project," and "engineering services to independent consulting engineer Guide," "according to the ability to choose" and so on. Refer to these publications, is also helpful. Edit this paragraph Contract Project Management Agency Description FIDIC (International Federation of Consulting Engineers) in 1913 by five European countries independent Association of Consulting Engineers was established in Ghent, Belgium, and now in Lausanne, Switzerland. FIDIC was established more than 90 years on the international implementation of the construction project has played an important role. This will be the preparation of the "owners and consulting engineers standard service agreement" (White Paper), "Civil Engineering Construction Contract Conditions" (Red Book), "Electrical and Mechanical Engineering Contract Conditions" (Yellow Book), "Conditions of Contract for EPC" (orange Yellow Book) by the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and other international financial institutions and regional development aid implementation of the project as a contractual agreement template. 1957 for the Overseas Civil Engineering, Civil Society and the London (ICE) in 1945 on the preparation of the first set on the basis of the terms of the Civil Engineering Series, FIDIC officially released the first edition of "FIDIC terms of the contract," the official at the World Bank 1995 for the preparation of the first edition of Civil Engineering Construction Procurement Standard Bidding Documents (SBDW) using the FIDIC contract terms as its foundation, from the FIDIC contract terms in the international construction project established a position of authority. Currently, there are also popular used in two versions: (1) 1987 edition of the "Civil Engineering Construction Contract Conditions" and its revised edition, containing a total of 72 185 models (the old Red Book); (2) 1999 edition of "Construction Contract Conditions "containing a total of 20 163 models (the new Red Book). Terms of the contract terms FIDIC contract is divided into two parts, Part I: General provisions (standard terms); Part II: Special provisions applicable (requires specialized drafted to suit specific needs.) General Terms and Conditions which include the following: (1) Average requirements; (2) employer; (3) Engineer; (4) Contractor; (5) designated subcontractor; (6) staff and labor; (7) Equipment, materials and processes; (8) started with a delay in downtime; (9) Tests on Completion; (10) the employer receives; (11) Defects Liability; (12) measurement and valuation; (13) changes and adjustments; (14) contract price advances; (15) Termination by Employer; (16) Contractor proposed suspension and termination; (17) Risk and Responsibility; (18) Insurance; (19) force majeure; (20) Claims, Disputes and Arbitration. Construction management, construction management major participants include: Contract parties: A. Owner; B. Contractor. An independent third party: C. engineer. Respectively, the respective roles include: A. Owner: Firstly, according to the contract requirements are described in terms of its contract requirements, and be invited to participate in the tender pre-qualification of contractors. Owner to the Contractor must provide engineering field, and even to provide water and electricity facilities. Responsible for the implementation of funds and paid to the Contractor under the Contract. In case of any contract dispute can not be resolved, it is mainly to decide whether a negotiated settlement with the contractor, or submit to arbitration. B. Contractor: In accordance with the requirements of the tender documents bear the construction tasks. During the bidding process, contractors should seriously study all the geological geotechnical information, on-site visits to check entry conditions, and local labor and materials supply. Once a bid has the duty to take all necessary measures, in accordance with the contract to complete the project construction tasks. C. Engineer: under the terms of the FIDIC contract, the owners want to entrust an independent consulting engineer, namely "engineers" to complete feasibility studies, engineering design and construction supervision work. In 1999, before the introduction of New FIDIC contract terms, the engineer was supposed to make full use of their own independent professional judgment with the owners and contractors on contractual issues related to make a fair decision, but in 1999 New FIDIC contract conditions, engineers is considered to represent the owners exercise their powers independently exercise the right to be the original abatement. Measurement FIDIC civil construction contract for the typical unit price contract, the implementation of the principle of separation of volume and price. BOQ projects listed in the number of estimated quantities of works, the Contractor shall be quoted, and thus calculate the total contract value, and so issued a corresponding guarantee or deposit. In the contract implementation process, specific payment or by the actual occurrence of the completed project amount under BOQ corresponding price to pay. For a huge amount of engineering changes, the Contractor may be appropriate under the corresponding provisions of the costs of claims and extension of time. Therefore FIDIC contract terms (fourth edition) on the measurement of 55, 56 and 57 of part presents and then measuring principle. Terms of the contract requiring the owners to accept commitments initially forecast engineering change risks. For example: (a) civil works required considerable effort to complete in the ground, so the project amount is difficult to accurately predict. FIDIC terms of the contract are clearly defined measurement methods and measurement methods are listed according to the determined corresponding BOQ. For example: In the excavation, excavation Bus Hong Kong Affairs to net metering, that is not counting the workspace or outside the excavation surface engineering; in the drain, such as: well point drainage, are generally included in the price or less excavation If the drainage of water from the field geological data over a reasonable flow atlas, may be based on Article 12 of the contract (unfavorable natural conditions) make the appropriate claims. (2) Civil Engineering also involves a lot of hidden works, so the contractor in the construction process must be strictly complied with construction procedures and design drawings, the construction process in the event of dispute may be the first time to provide appropriate evidence. Risk-sharing 1999 edition of FIDIC Clause 4.12 defines risk as all unforeseen material conditions, so the risk is no longer just a negative concept, in some cases, the risk may be active and positive. For example: In a part of the construction site, the geological conditions of the soil below the surface than in the borehole geological data showed to be poor,2013 Football Boots Soccer Cleats ShoesNike Mercurial Vapor Superfly III TF Cleats 2012 Red White , while in another part of the soil below the surface geological conditions than the reality of drilling geological data better, in the former case, the Contractor shall be entitled for a fare increase, while in the latter case, the landlord has the right price. Thus, for the owners, because the unknown geological conditions caused the amount of the contract amount may be offset each other, even when the total contract amount reduced. Project feasibility study on the impact of the project in the design, construction and completion of the various uncertainties make assumptions and projections based on, and all these will gradually emerge as the actual situation and have a direct impact on the project, which constitutes project risk. FIDIC contractual terms is to allow owners and contractors reasonable allocation of risk, and its basic principles are as follows: (a) the contract stipulates that both sides should bear the corresponding risks; (2) is generally believed that the contractor has been in the bidding for those who can tender foreseeable risks of pricing; (3) to complete the work under the contract is the contractor's responsibility, but to decide how to accomplish these tasks should be excluded from the owners and engineers around (the contract states otherwise, through the owners except in a manner approved.) (4) if unforeseen circumstances, to which contractors can handle their own events, which events must be approved by the consent of the owner or engineer, the contract must be clearly defined and clearly defined financial consequences arising therefrom. Typical project risks include: (a) weather; (2) design quality; (3) unknown geological conditions; (4) the owners of the bankrupt; (5) loss of equipment; (6) Industrial Relations; (7) accident; ( 8) error; (9) political events; (10) crime. Project risk control includes three stages: 1. Risk identification; 2. Risk analysis; 3 risk response through risk test may be derived from a single pair of physical, environmental, business, politics, law, finance, operations, technology, and other aspects of resource supply Project risks are listed, then the likelihood of occurrence of each risk and the possible consequences to judge, evaluate, on a more serious risk to quantify, the last of each risk corresponds to the risk to take a different way. Risk corresponding manner generally include: (1) is unlikely to occur or for the possible consequences of ignoring the risks minimal impact; (2) by modifying one or several aspects of the project as far as possible exclude some risks; (3) purchase Insurance risk transfer or use of subcontractors; (4) taking into account risk costs and other consequences resulting from any risk and try to manage risk. Certificate and payment under the terms of FIDIC contract total of five certificate: 1) interim payment certificate; 2) Verify the early books; 3) the final inspection certificate; 4) Final Payment Certificate; 5) termination of the contract assessment certificate. A) Interim Payment Certificate: monthly payment to the contractor has completed work payment certificate that, according to engineers and contractors on behalf of the two sides agreed amount of work has already been measured payment certificate issued. Owners must engineer contractor payment requests received within 56 days after payment of contractors. If the payment is delayed, the Contractor shall have the right not to pay part of the interest rate stipulated in the contract to receive interest, if the delay exceeds the duration of the contract, the contractor the right to make a suspension. 2) initial validation Book: Contractor under the contract for the completed works or part of the works under the contract within 28 days after making the application, such as inspection, the Engineer shall apply the entire project or part of the work under the contract early verification letter issued. 3) the final inspection certificate: Engineer shall, within 28 days after the defects liability period, the acceptance of all the works and make sure all the deficiencies listed in the book the authentication flaw was corrected on the basis of the final inspection certificate issued to the contractor. The contractor, the only issue the final inspection certificate by the engineer to be considered after the project has been formally accepted by the owners. 4) Final Payment Certificate: In the final inspection certificate issued by the engineer must within the period stipulated in the contract Final Payment Certificate issued by contractors. 5) evaluation of the contract termination certificate: according to the contract, the owners decided to terminate the contract, the engineer should evaluate the date of termination of the project and issue a Certificate of Assessment. Contract changes and claims in many projects, even if the owners were careful planning and study, there is a change in the civil engineering construction is inevitable, especially in underground engineering. For example, in the underground tunnel excavation, due to geological conditions change, the original excavation machinery and methods to be changed, these changes relate to the calculation of the additional costs shall be paid by the Contractor and determined to make up for this unforeseen circumstances caused by the project postponed. In some cases, engineers may be instructed contractors to use day laborers to complete some additional minor works. At any stage during the contract period, the owner may decide to modify the contract, it may decide to increase or decrease the part of the project, each one changed engineer must prepare a written notice to the Contractor, engineering change, change, change the notice should be calculated engineering costs resulting from changes in costs to the contractor as well as the amount of change. Where possible, the amounts payable under the corresponding quantities single bid price calculation. But individual projects directive to increase or decrease the proportion of parts over the contract, the Contractor shall be entitled to revise the price, at which point an engineer may require the Contractor to provide analysis of the bidding price list as a supporting document, but engineers believe that the contractor's bid price has been considered the corresponding profits, so in this case, the engineer may sometimes be reduced instruction unit price rather than floating, so the contractor propose an increase in the quantities required to adjust the unit price must be carefully considered, carefully compared. If you change the project Danu priced bill of quantities in the tender within, and difficult from the existing project BOQ be derived, which requires engineers and contractors negotiate an agreement. If you can not reach an agreement, the engineers determined to change the project entitled under the contract unit price, but the Contractor shall be entitled to based on their grounds for the claim. At any time, change orders after receiving the Engineer, the Contractor must change the project for the construction, for any reason can not lead to delays. Engineering claims are usually of two types: 1) can be solved under the contract at any time; 2) require judicial interpretation or by soliciting the advice of engineers dispute mediation committee submitted to arbitration or final settlement. For the effective processing of claims and to minimize the negative impact of the project contract, the most critical thing, whether engineers or contractors on behalf of the representative of the entire period of the contract to be saved as comprehensive and detailed record: Field diary, schedule information and photos, manpower and equipment loss, weekly and monthly update of the construction plans, meeting minutes, field command, change orders, drawings released registration, financial dossiers, Letters and Telegrams dossier, etc., and on special events within the limits specified in the contract owners of intent to submit claims, claims reporting and procedural documentation. To compensate for costs and losses, the Contractor in accordance with the established and agreed procedures for submission of claims. Such claims are mainly three types: (1) additional works: the added number of items in the table for the project has been included in the project can generally get paid according to the contract price and the corresponding extension of time. When additional quantity exceeds the contract, the contractor the right to make price changes. (2) Owners of default: as the owners of the contractor for breach of contract and damage caused by the contractor for a reasonable fee increase and the corresponding extension of time. But how to implement claims costs is a major difficulty. Therefore, the value of the claim shall be calculated using the world's workers, the basic principles of customary and practices, the owners, contractors and engineers and other mediators to reach a consensus between. Contractor in the calculation of costs should be calculated using internationally accepted methods, such as the actual cost method, the total cost and the revised cost method, sub-law. To comply with the basic principles include: 1) the actual loss, attention should be direct and indirect losses of distinction, all actual damages must be based on a certificate issued and evidence prevail; 2) claim the contractor shall be deducted from the contract provisions Contractor shall bear the risk of their own part; 3) for the cost of the project has been set standards, unless changed over the contract, in principle, should expand its calculated value; 4) claims a typical case of calculation adopted principles and calculation methods, the basic claims processing is the international project "axiom", the Contractor shall learn to use. (3) can not be foreseen: Due to specific events unforeseen delays forced to occur, are required to submit claims report, the assessment process is divided into three steps: 1) make claims processing principle that the relevant provisions; 2) investigate the cause of the claim, specific What is the extent to which the event causing the actual loss to the contractor and delays; 3) estimate the amount payable, calculate and verify all associated costs. FIDIC terms of project management for all aspects of project management requirements very detailed and specific, including the international standards in all aspects of project management, is a very strong set of operational project management system. FIDIC terms reflects the current owners of the construction phase of construction projects managed at the highest international level. The construction unit in charge of construction production supervisor's leadership should make their own construction office, Business Office,2013 Football Boots Soccer Cleats ShoesNike Mercurial Vapor IX FG Pink Purple Green , the Planning Department, the Treasury, office supplies, office equipment, security offices and other functions at the quality, adapt FIDIC terms of management mode, with the owners (Engineer ) to complete the project. Project management is the use of the knowledge, experience and technology on the whole process of project planning, organization, coordination and control. An engineer on behalf of the owners of units on the construction project management perspective on FIDIC terms of project management. Domestic and international practice habits: My project owners are generally required to establish the project management team to develop the system and thorough management plan, the project scope, cost, time, quality, resources, risks, environment, project management team and many other self-construction aspects of comprehensive management. The international convention is: Owner construction phase of the project management responsibilities to the vast majority of everyday engineers. Reasons are: 1. Owners have sufficient experience of project management personnel necessary; 2. Disagreement when the owner and the contractor, the Engineer may act impartially in the middle; 3) engineers have participated in general engineering design, feasibility study, planning is therefore address issues such as detailed design, technical explanation, engineers and related claims measurement and valuation of all disputes resolved. General construction project implementation and supervision of the work to complete the project preparatory work by the same consulting firm commitment. This ensures that the contract documents during the implementation phase to get the correct interpretation, and in the implementation of the constitution is found to be made involve changes can meet the original vision. Such as large dams, power plants and industrial production projects, after signing the contract and are carried out only with the engineering design and consulting firm by the preparation of construction drawings. Project management of the project owners summarized as eight areas: 1. Scope Management; 2 time management; 3. Expense management; 4 Quality management; 5 Human Resource Management; 6. Communication management; 7. Risk management; 8. procurement management. 1. Range management: In order to achieve the intended purpose and achievement of project objectives, the project needed to maintain control of a series of processes. Including project audit, scope planning, scoping, change control and scope verification. 2. Time management: is to ensure timely implementation of the project carried out a series of processes. 3. Cost management: the project is to ensure that the total cost does not exceed the approved project budget and carried out a series of processes. Including resource planning, cost estimating, cost budgeting and cost control. 4. Quality management: is to ensure that the project achieved its objectives in a series of processes, including quality planning, quality control and quality assurance. 5. Human resources management: in order to effectively play the role of all project participants taken a series of steps, including organizational planning, project team formation, distribution of roles and responsibilities, project team building and project settlement of disputes between the parties. 6. Communication management: in order to ensure reasonable to collect and transmit information in a series of project process, including communication planning, information transmission, progress reports and acceptance management. 7. Risk Management: including risk identification, risk assessment, risk measures and risk control. 8. Procurement Management: is the project sponsor from the outside in order to obtain goods, works or services to take a series of steps, including the procurement plan, planning inquiry, inquiry, source selection, contract management and contract closeout. FIDIC terms were not organized according to these eight areas, but in accordance with the design aspects of the project 25 to reflect the eight management areas: 1) Definitions and interpretation; 2) engineers and engineers representatives; 3) Assignment and Subcontracting; 4) Contract documents; 5) General obligations; 6) artificial; 7) material; 8) engineering equipment and processes; 9) suspension; 10) starts and delays; 11) Defects Liability; 12) changes, adding and omissions; 13) Claims Procedure ; 14) Contractor's Equipment, Temporary Works and Materials 15) metering; 16) Provisional Sums; 17) Nominated Subcontractors; 18) certificate and payment; 19) remedial measures; 20) special risks; 21) contract compliance release; 22) Settlement of disputes; 23) notice; 24) Owner of default; 25) the costs and regulatory changes as well as currency and exchange rates. 1) Project Scope Management: the terms set in the contract following specific definition of "project", "Permanent Works", "Temporary Works", limited to the contract, that the scope of works. Project cost and time management's primary goal is to not exceed the owner's budget, can not be delayed completion time. Changes have occurred in the project, FIDIC terms also put management in the hands of engineers: "There is no written instructions Engineers Contractor shall not make any changes." 2) Project Time Management: FIDIC terms strike engineer's responsibility to control the time schedule set forth the Details, such states: "the Contractor after receipt of notification of award, within the time prescribed in ----- shall submit a construction plan to the Engineer to obtain their consent." "If the engineer does not think that the actual progress of the project Subject to section ---- subsection construction plans have been agreed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall at all times in accordance with the requirements of engineers to submit a revised construction plans, marked as to ensure the project was completed on schedule and the changes made to the original plan of the Department. "FIDIC terms also suspended the construction of the control to the engineer: "In Engineers issued instructions, the Contractor shall engineer deems necessary time and manner suspend the progress of works or any part thereof." supervise contractors started on time, completion is very important, but allows the contractor a reasonable extension of time is equally important. Not extend, it will inevitably force the contractor to increase the offer when unforeseen events prevent the risk of these costs, or rely on the rush to catch up with the progress of added equipment and human resources are beyond the ability of on-site facilities and the emergence of various engineering quality and safety and other issues. Rush also may violate certain laws technically required intermittent construction, damages project quality. FIDIC terms of this "on the Contractor is required to take measures to speed up the progress of the regulations" and "undue delay in completion on time contractor shall indemnify the owners of loss provisions." Of course, time management control owners also bear responsibility for risks, such as: Owner to the Contractor fails to provide the construction site when the time of treatment. The extension of the Time for Completion, the Contractor would like to apply for projects to clarify and extend the duration of the extension of reason, to get the engineer to make temporary postponement decision. Meanwhile, there are "not at night and on holidays construction regulations", etc., from the owners, contractors and engineers three times the perspective of the project management. 3) Project Cost Management: FIDIC terms of project cost management terms most. Mainly in the following 17 areas: (1) both parties to the project site investigation: "Owners should submit their tenders before the contractor to submit --- involving the exploration works and surface hydrology obtained the following information, but the contracting Manufacturers should be responsible for their own interpretation of the above information. should be considered prior to the contractor submitting a tender has been on the scene, the scene surrounding environment, and the associated data were available on-hand investigation and research, and to consider the possible costs and time After that the following factors aspects of their requirements have been met: (a) the existing situation and the nature of the data, including ground conditions; (b) hydrological and climatic conditions; (c) the end of construction, completion and remedying of any defects work and materials necessary scope and nature; (d) means of access to the site and the contractor may be required stationed conditions; (e) that the contractor will generally have made proposals that may affect the risk of unforeseen events and all All the above information other cases; (f) that the contractor bids are based on available information provided by the property owners and contractors through their own investigation and research obtained data compilation. "clothes are on-site surface , but the real work is to control costs, and cost of the project is to control one of the most important provisions. First of all, which requires owners and design tasks as an architect or engineer (construction phase may be an engineer) Takeuchi phase of the project collected information as complete as possible, as a design, cost estimates, drawings and other contract documents prepared basis. If the information is incomplete, design, cost estimates, drawings and other contract documents will not be reasonable, and its risks in the construction process is bound to be exposed, and ultimately to lead to an increase in project costs. In addition, if the owners do not make the necessary exploration, obtain the best possible detailed hydrological, address and subsurface data or although already made, but not to the contractor, the contractor will have to deal with a variety of ways: first, their repeated to the scene to investigate, and even exploration. Whatever the outcome, the cost will be included in the quoted; Secondly, incomplete data as a kind of uncertainties, the inclusion of figures offer a lot of unforeseen costs, such costs are ultimately paid by the landlord; Third, in terms of the construction process, in accordance with FIDIC terms of costs and other claims on time, the result is still the owners suffer. Of course, in order to avoid providing information on the cost of unlimited spending, and in order to procure contractors in the preparation of the tender carefully, carefully consider site conditions, the owners in terms of their respective responsibilities were limited, and the rest responsibility to the contractor. Robust construction market to pursue in good faith, both parties should be unreservedly with information relating to transactions notified each other, in fact to their advantage to do so. Side contractor more money is to control costs and avoid losses contractor also control costs. (2) The Contractor shall submit cash flow estimates: cost of the project is to control one of the most important provisions. Which states: "After the receipt of notification of award as well as in ---- within the stipulated time, the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer each quarter it was entitled under the contract to get all the details of payment cash flow estimates ----. "With such owners cash flow projections, one can progress in a timely manner according to the project preparatory works needed funds does not affect the construction schedule, on the other hand, the owners can not and should the project once all the funds needed to get ready set aside specifically for this project with the support of the project cost for the dynamic management can greatly reduce the cost of capital required for the works. (3) the valuation of the change: all the changes and requirements shall be determined in accordance with Article --- Any increase in the contract price should be specified in the contract rates and prices, if this is not possible, then the engineers and owners After appropriate consultation and Contractors, Engineers and Contractors agreed an appropriate rate and price, if a disagreement, the Engineer shall determine if he thinks fit, such rates and prices. Represents the interests of owners holds the initiative and control engineers. (4) Daywork fee: control action is limited essentially to the number of contractors, engineers have batch number. Daywork often used as a provisional amounts listed in the BOQ for can not be attributed to any one of BOQ sporadic work. FIDIC terms set such a great place for landlords to consider. If canceled Daywork and put BOQ and other relevant contract documents before bidding to become very accurate, not only will miss market opportunities, and will lead to an increase in loan interest. Project put into use as soon as possible the benefits will pay more than offset the costs of day-laborers. (5) on the workload required survey work measurement method: FIDIC terms price contract, the contractor during construction in accordance with the actual owners of the work done and out of the unit price bid Times monthly payments to the contractor. Measure the actual amount of work done has become the key to cost control efforts. (6) Provisional Amount: In addition to day-laborers, is also used for unforeseen events, projects need to use some special part of the nominated sub-contract. FIDIC terms used in the provisional amount of control over entirely to the engineer. Provisional sum set is FIDIC terms of project cost control so that the owners of the wise, if unforeseen events so that the project will be affected and the owners but no additional funds to address, resulting in construction pause, can not be completed and commissioned, the loss is even more unpredictable. Premium system is set up so tentative strategic management of project costs. But some of our owners approval of relevant departments in the newspaper project, to minimize the amount is far less than the actual need, in order to successfully pass, but in approved and started after such projects are often delayed because of lack of funds can not be completed, productivity can not be formed, to the country and people caused great losses. (7) the monthly payments and payment time: "Engineers within 28 days of receipt of such statement to the owners that the above statements of his expulsion due and payable to the Contractor the amount of the payment certificate." And "after receiving the payment certificate 28 days --- paid by the owner to the contractor ----. " Internationally, the owners fully understand the liquidity of the contractor the importance of the successful completion of the project, so the terms FIDIC engineer ways to afford the strict requirements of the certificate and the landlord to pay the contractor's time. Actually considerate owners or contractors for their own sake, in order to control the project's total cost. And some of our owners, practices with international practices contrary, often outstanding payments. (8) Drawings delays and delay costs. (9) Samples fees, inspection fees, fees for the required inspection, test engineer for unspecified decision. (10) liquidated damages and liquidated damages fee reduction. (11) the designated subcontractor payments. (12) the designated subcontractors proof of payment. (13) monthly reports, monthly payments, retention payments. (14) special risks damage to the project. (15) special risks caused by the increased costs. (16) Fees and regulations and changes. (17) currency and exchange rates. 4) Project Quality Management: FIDIC terms reflect the terms of a lot of project quality management, such as: "contractor oversight"; "materials, engineering equipment and operating quality of workmanship"; "operational check, inspection and testing, inspection and test date , rejection and independent examination ";" project covering before the inspection, exhumation and opening ";" substandard construction materials and engineering equipment dismantling and the contractor does not comply with instructions ";" Defect period, the warranty period or maintenance period. " ; "completion of the work and legacy of defects and the Contractor fails to perform the indicated remedy"; "by the Contractor for defects." 5) Project Human Resource Management: Understanding decided the key to success. FIDIC terms of the most effectively play the role of all involved in the project and to implement them. For provisions concerning the composition of the project participants, responsibilities and obligations, mutual communication and coordination of tissue interface. (1) Engineer: Owner construction phase of the project management was entrusted to the engineer, the engineer is the project management body. FIDIC terms of the relevant provisions of the duties and powers of engineers, engineers appointed representative, on behalf of the powers entrusted to the engineer, engineer or assistant engineer on behalf of the appointment, and asked engineers to conduct impartial performance of their duties. Distribution of their specific responsibilities in terms of a specific provision in FIDIC, and there is no centralized list. The project is also very clear that the constraints of power, such as: "--- requires engineers in the exercise of these powers, you need to obtain the approval of the owners ---"; "Engineers contractor for an extension of the approval requirements or determine the payment to the Contractor the amount of payment made prior to consultation with the owners. " Also, in some matters, FIDIC terms of the provisions of the "prior to consultation with the contractor." (2) Contractor: Construction of the most important human resources than the contractor, so many places FIDIC terms contractor clear obligations and responsibilities. In the "contractor's general liability" clause provides that: "The Contractor shall in accordance with the provisions of the contract, with due sense of responsibility and hard work, the design (the range specified in the contract), construction, completion of the project and to make up for any deficiencies . and provide required or can be reasonably inferred from the contract supervision, labor, materials, engineering equipment, construction equipment, and all contractors and other things. "in the" contractor's employees "clause provides that:" The Contractor shall to provide on-site construction, completion and to compensate for any deficiencies related to the following persons: (a) familiar with their respective industries, experienced technical assistants and have the ability to conduct proper oversight of the project foreman and foreman. (b) To make the right contractor on schedule to fulfill contractual obligations require such skilled, skilled craftsmen and navvy do. "In the" unqualified contractor employee engineer the right to oppose "clause provides that:" project should be entitled to object and request The Contractor shall immediately removed from the project thus contractors, and engineers believe dereliction of duty, incompetence or negligence as well as engineers from other considerations that should not be left at the scene of the officer ---. " However, only requires contractors to fulfill their obligations without giving due rights, the human resources or can not function well. Contractor is mainly reflected in the power requirements of a reasonable extension of time to ask for the money and the contractor should be failing to solicit their views in three areas. Subcontractors are also important human resources, subcontractors able to accept the contractor's management, a good cooperation for the construction of its success is crucial. In this regard, FIDIC terms "designated subcontractor, for the specified object" states: "The owners and engineers should not require contractors or have any obligation to hire contractors that he has reason to oppose the employment of any designated subcontractors, or Any refusal to hire contractors for the following provisions, including subcontracts nominated Subcontractor --- "and the" subcontracting "clause provides that:" The Contractor shall not subcontract the whole of the Works Except as otherwise provided in the contract , no project is the prior consent of the Contractor shall not subcontract any part of the project. "FIDIC terms of the" settlement of disputes "clause is used to solve the Contractor with the owners, engineers between the various disputes. The basic spirit of the settlement of disputes between the two sides should be as good resolve disputes, as a last resort, and then submit it to arbitration. 6) Project Communications Management: International construction market for contractors, engineers and owners of communication between attached considerable importance to the formation of the text, written into the contract, so that it has the force of law. Communication between project participants and coordination for the smooth construction of tissue interface is equally important. Language is a tool for communication between project participants, in addition to terms of the contract shall be governed by laws of the country which, FIDIC terms "language and the law" clause been clearly defined. When the contract documents in numerous contradictory, conflict, ambiguity and inconsistency, FIDIC terms "Contract Documents priorities" clause provides: "several documents forming the Contract shall be as mutually explanatory, but in the face of vague and ambiguous When this explanation by engineers and adjustments. " Drawings are works of language, in terms of FIDIC "drawings and robust customs clearance and delivery, on-site to keep a drawing" in the detailed provisions designed to ensure that participants in the use of engineering drawings to communicate. A claim for such communication occurs when, FIDIC terms "claim proceedings" clearly states: Contractor rise to a claim event occurs, immediately notify the Engineer in writing, and in another provision that the contractor with the engineers and owners of between the tools should be used for notification, sent to the address of the place and change action taken. Terms FIDIC engineer many of its provisions are required before making a decision "appropriate consultation with the owner and the contractor. --- Consultations and to notify the Contractor with a copy to the landlord if the contractors need engineers to make decisions, but also shall immediately give notice to the Engineer, with a copy to the landlord. "in the" progress of the works of Interrupts "more specific requirements" if the project is not given within a reasonable time, further drawings and instructions, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer notification shall specify the required drawings, using reason and time and details may be delayed or interrupted once the consequences, and to submit a copy of the owners. "FIDIC provisions also works the inner and outer interface for the management of , the construction process, not only contractors and owners, engineers and contractors, owners and engineers, owners and sub-contractors, engineers and subcontractors are linked, but also involves planning, taxation, roads and waterways, municipal facilities, heritage, customs, banks, insurance companies, transportation companies, Patent Office, the mine owner, material and equipment suppliers and project site adjacent real estate and other aspects of the relationship between the residents. Therefore FIDIC terms established the following terms Administration: "Contract for sale", "compliance with laws and regulations", "patent", "royalty", "the traffic and the interference of neighboring property," "avoid damage to the road," "Contractor's Equipment and Temporary Works of transport", "materials or equipment transport", "water", "provide an opportunity for other contractors," "provide facilities for other contractors," "customs clearance procedures" or "contract business equipment re-export "and other similar terms. 7) Project Risk Management: FIDIC terms of the construction of a number of risks in the contract between the two parties made a fair and reasonable allocation, risk management for the owners to create a very good condition. The principal terms of the risks involved include: "risk owners", "special risks", "cost increases or decreases," "subsequent changes in regulations", "currency control" and "exchange rate" and so on. Nothing more than a way to deal with risk avoidance, transfer, sharing, retention, mitigate and take back-up measures. For a career contractor can not live in the successful completion of the work under the contract to get some form of compensation, there are three international practice: First, require the contractor to ask the bank or insurance company guarantee for the construction; Second, controlling contracting Manufacturers of construction equipment, temporary works and transported to the site of the material; Third, through retention force contractors to ensure fulfillment of the obligations of defect repair works. Such as "performance guarantee" and "performance guarantee validity" and "performance guarantee of detention" and other terms of the relevant provisions are made jointly bind the Contractor to the conscientious performance can not be taken lightly. Such as: "to work with the Contractor's Equipment, historical works and materials" provides that: "provided by the Contractor for all Contractor's Equipment, Temporary Works and Materials, once transported to the site, --- without the consent of the Engineer, These items may not be removed or any part of the site ---. "the contractor in the project encountered a" a seasoned contractor could not foresee obstacles or unfavorable external conditions ", the" contractor requested an extension of time or additional project funds, the Contractor shall immediately give notice to the Engineer ---. "This provision may be seen as the owners of the risks taken by a retention strategy. In "Do not lift contracting Sa and duties and responsibilities" clause states: "submit to the Engineer and approved by him, or cash flows of the construction program estimates shall not relieve the Contractor from any obligations and responsibilities." Owners can This clause allows contractors share the construction plans and cash flow estimates the risk of error occurs. Risk-sharing provisions of the contractor as well as "works of care" provides that: "From the start of the project until the day of the transfer certificate issued by the whole project will take care of responsibilities to the owners upon, the Contractor shall take full responsibility and care of engineering materials and engineering equipment to be installed. "Insurance is a risk transfer the most common and most secure way to do this FIDIC provisions of the" engineering and construction equipment and insurance "," personal property insurance "," third party liability insurance "," worker Personal Accident Insurance "and" insurance management. " These provisions are detailed provisions of the various details of the insured, the risk transfer. Right can not be avoided,2013 Football Boots Soccer Cleats Shoes Nike Mercurial Vapor IX AGNike Mercurial Glide III Silver Fluorescent Blue Green, transfer, sharing, retention or reduce the risk, but to take back-up measures to form a provisional sum set aside in the project budget unforeseen costs. In the event of unforeseen circumstances, the engineer can send instructions to use it. 8) Project Procurement Management: During the construction phase the main task is to contract management and end to end. Contract management is to ensure that the contractor's work actually completed the process to meet the requirements of the contract; contract closeout both acceptance works, but also to fulfill the legal formalities, ie the end of the two sides in the contract obligations. Terms of FIDIC contract management and closeout reflect the owners of the principal terms can project from start to finish. Main procurement methods is bidding method.