Roentgen

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Biographical Introduction individual contributions found to affect the x-ray and honors Nobel heavy elements Lun Wen miscellaneous other related anecdotes bonus exposure unit Roentgen Roentgen satellite launched Edit this paragraph biographical

Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen

full Mingwei Lian Conrad Roentgen Roentgen (German: Wilhelm Conrad R ö ntgen), X-ray discoverer, March 27, 1845 Born in Germany, Lower Rhine, February 10, 1923 and died in Munich. [1] is a German experimental physicist. Roentgen March 27, 1845 born in Germany Nuns town. 3 years old the family moved to the Netherlands and the Netherlands will membership. 1865 moved to Zurich, Switzerland, Zurich Federal Institute of Technology Roentgen into mechanical engineering. 1868 graduate. 1869 received his Ph.D. from the University of Zurich, and served as an assistant professor of physics Kundt. Next nineteen years, in a number of different universities Roentgen work, gradually won reputation for outstanding scientists. 1870 returned to Germany along with the hole off. 1871 with the hole off to the University of Wurzburg in 1872 and the University of Strasbourg with the hole off to work. In 1888 he was appointed to the University of Wurzburg Physics Professor of Physics and Director. 1895 University of Würzburg Roentgen discovered X-rays. University of Munich in mid-1900 to any director of the Institute Professor of Physics and Physics. February 10, 1923 in Munich died. At the age of 78 years. Edit this paragraph individual contributions Roentgen life in physics in many areas conducted experimental research work, such as dielectric charging of the capacitor movement of the magnetic effect, the gas specific heat capacity of the crystal thermal conductivity, pyroelectric and piezoelectric phenomena, the plane of polarization of light in the gas rotation, light and power relations, material elasticity, capillarity and other aspects of the research have made some contribution, due to his discovery of the X-ray has won great honor, so that most of these contributions unnoticed. January 5, 1895, Roentgen discovered X-rays. So in 1901 he was awarded the first Nobel prize. The discovery announced the arrival of the era of modern physics, the medical revolution took place. [2] Edit this paragraph x-ray Profile γ-ray wavelength range between ultraviolet and electromagnetic radiation. By the German physicist WK Roentgen discovered in 1895, also called Roentgen Ray. Said wavelength of less than 0.1 Å hard X-rays in the range of 0.1 to 1 angstrom of said hard X-rays within the range of 1 to 10 Å is called the soft X-rays. 1895 Roentgen discovered the use of his peers Hz,2013 Football Boots Soccer Cleats Shoes Adidas Adipure Cheap V 11Pro IC Indoor Blue White Red , Hittorf, Crookes, Tesla designed equipment and Leonard study of high-voltage discharge tube effect. Leonard repeated early November Roentgen tube test, the Lenard tube by adding a very narrow window made of aluminum metal, which allows the cathode ray emitted from the tube, and another block of aluminum window protection cardboard cover which is not cathodic The strong field region ray damage. He knew paper screens to prevent light from escaping, but observed that when he used the platinum coated barium cyanide Asian small paper screens near the windows, can not see the paper cathode ray fluorescence effects produced on the screen. This allows Roentgen thought Bilainade pipe wall thicker Crookes tube may also cause fluorescence effect. November 8th, 1895 late in the afternoon, he decided to test his ideas. He carefully made a similar experiment with Lenard tube black paper screen, and cover it with this version Crookes tube and the electrode into an induction coil (formerly known as "Rum Cove coil") in the past produce electrostatic charges. In platinum with barium cyanide Asia screen test his ideas before Roentgen darken the room to detect is not his cardboard leaked. When he put the coil through the tube when the board does not determine the light and proceed to the next experiment. Just then, his test tube from a few meters away from the place noticed faint light. In order to determine his discovery, he tried to repeat the above operation, every time see the same shimmer. Rub a burning match, he found that he placed on the table ready to use next barium platinum cyanide Asian glow. [3] The next few hours Roentgen repeated tests over and over again. He quickly determine a specific distance tube, can be observed from this test more than the previous fluorescence. He speculated that it might have discovered a new ray. November 8th is a Friday, Lunqin Li repeat the test with this weekend and made the first record. In the next few weeks he was in the lab room and board, studied his being named the X-ray radiation that almost all new properties, and use part of the unknown mathematical representation is given. Although the final with his new rays named as Roentgen Ray, but he always preferred the original term X-rays. Roentgen discovered X-rays is not accidental, he is not working alone. According to the survey, when many countries are carrying a lot of people in this area of ​​research, and found that time is very close. In fact, Roentgen discovered X-rays before the University of Pennsylvania has been manufactured and its X-ray and image recording. However, where researchers do not realize the importance of this discovery, just put them archived trouble, therefore, lost access to the praise of the greatest opportunities for physical findings. He happened to find something on the screen turned his attention from the original studies cited opened. He was already planning the next experiment using the screen, a very short time before that he had made a discovery. When he studied the different materials of this radiation blocking ability, put this small piece of material into the place-ray generation. Imagine when you see the first show in his production of X-ray images on the screen flashes when the skeleton, Roentgen was surprised how much. He later said that the secret laboratory to carry out this test, because he was afraid that if this discovery was a mistake will affect the reputation of his professors. Roentgen's original paper, "a new kind of X-ray" that is, in the 50 days after December 28, 1895 was published. January 5, 1896, an Austrian newspaper reported Röntgen's discovery. Roentgen discovered X-rays after the University of Wurzburg awarded him an honorary Doctor of Medicine. In between 1895 and 1897 he published a total of three papers on X-rays. Roentgen very rigorous scholarship, but did not find his papers inside there is an error. Influence and honor Roentgen's discovery not only have a significant impact on medical diagnosis, but also to promote the 20th century, the emergence of a number of major scientific achievements. Affected by the impact of Roentgen, 1896 Henry Bekele in luminescent materials stumbled across trials

Roentgen discovered X-rays

A new ray penetration. Such Roentgen's discovery indirectly affect the discovery of radioactivity. Since the discovery in 1903 Bekele and Marie Curie were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize. Roentgen until today is still the most important fields of application in medical diagnosis. Ray intensity for the diagnosis has been greatly reduced, while the diagnosis results can be displayed more clearly the details. In the modern digital technology with the help of roentgen diagnosis can already provide three-dimensional images inside the body. In addition to medicine, roentgen also applied in the microscopic world of observation and study of space. Another major application areas Roentgen Ray nondestructive testing of materials. X rays can be detected using a metal material and the welded parts of the internal defects. To Ji Nianlun piano achievements, X-ray in many countries are called Roentgen Ray. Another 111 chemical elements Fen (Roentgenium (Rg)) also Roentgen named. In Roentgen country, there are many in the German Roentgen named schools, streets and squares. Since Roentgen outstanding achievements in physics, in the city of Giessen, Germany, Berlin, and Roentgen's birthplace Lunnei Pu (Lennep) (Remscheid) have built Roentgen Monument [4]. On Christmas Eve 1895, the Nobel Prize, he gave his wife's hand took an X-ray film. Then he shot his wife published on papers and presentations Shougu photo shooting process. At that time, the Nobel Prize has just set up. Jury in 1901 the first prize in physics awarded to Roentgen, especially when that discovery of the German scholar, has a "practical application of the results." The Roentgen was already very famous, won many prestigious awards, so to just come out of the Nobel Prize given to him, not only to bring honor to himself, but also certainly help to improve the reputation of this new award. However, the Nobel Prize winning charter only requirement to speak Roentgen has never done before. The famous scientist, not love in public places Chutoulumian, life often escape such a remark. Edit this paragraph Lun heavy elements [4] by far the most important chemical element 111 at the naming ceremony, officially named as "London" (Uuu), in honor of the first one found Roentgen Ray Nobel Prize winner William - Roentgen. Chemical element 111 is the German Heavy Ion Research Center, Professor Sylvester Goode Hoffman led international research team first discovered in 1994 and confirmed. In 2003, the International Federation of Chemical Research Center officially recognized the first to discover the chemical element 111, and in 2004 received its name Uuu suggestions. Physicist Roentgen discovered x rays in the occasion of 111 years, in Germany 达姆斯施塔特 for Heavy Ion Research Center held a ceremony officially chemical element 111 named "Lun." [5] Edit this paragraph miscellaneous Wen anecdotes sensational international academic community news December 28, 1895, Roentgen with "a new kind of ray - Preliminary Report," the topic to Wurzburg physics Medical Association gave a report , announced that he discovered the X-rays, these rays have elaborated a straight line, penetration, not with the magnetic deflection other properties. This discovery immediately aroused strong repercussions: January 4, 1896 in Berlin Physical Society's 50th anniversary exhibition on display X-ray photographs. January 5th Vienna "News" preemptive been reported; January 6 London "Daily Chronicle" announced to the world, declaring discovery of X-rays. The publicity, a sensation when the international academic community, the paper "preliminary report" In the three months within a printed five times, was immediately translated into English, French, Italian, Russian and other national languages. In mid-January, Roentgen summoned to Berlin palace, in front of Kaiser Wilhelm and princes, ministers face made presentations. X-ray findings as one of the three centuries, causing great academic research enthusiasm, according to statistics, in 1896 only one year, the world had published more than 10 papers related articles, brochures reached about 50 kinds. The prize dedicated 维尔茨堡伦 piano lifetime devotion to science, for material interests is very weak, he will not only find his selfless dedication to the community will also dedicate himself received the Nobel Prize University of Wurzburg, all in order to promote scientific development. One of his lifelong friend Bao Weili (M.Boveri) writes: "His personality is absolutely outstanding integrity and we can probably say that, in terms of the kind of sense, he is the incarnation of the 19th century ideal: strong, honest And there is courage; devotion to science, never doubted the value of science; despite his self-critical spirit and a sense of humor, but he may have been given some kind of unconscious sympathy; his people, and the memory of things as well as ideal with a rare spirit of loyalty and sacrifice, ...... but to accept the new ideology, he was generous mind, ....... " I found that all the participants are anxiously waiting to do about his Roentgen discovered the mysterious X-ray reports, as if waiting for an explosive important news. Five o'clock, a classroom in the school, the university town of Gunzburg Fu doctors, academics, engineers, business owners, reporters, photographers and artists invited to come, aisle, window sill are packed with university students. The scheduled time arrives, Roentgen began speech. He briefed the participants on how he succeeded in discovering a mysterious rays, and expressed willingness to publicly perform test this process. "...... I now come to the table, Professor Kelly Kyle!" Famous anatomist stood up, before finally pushed to the front. "Please put your hand into the photographic plate." Roentgen calmly said. Doctor's hand covered Cartridges, Cartridges has a photographic plate. Wagner Bunnell engineers around the light cover, so Roentgen began to repeat his two weeks ago to stay in Cape M. nous who did tests. When Wagner Bunnell will bring photographic plate after development after Roentgen immediately without hesitation showed it to everyone to see. After a few minutes of silence, attended by people only wake up from being surprised, but also excited to praise, but also applauded. At this time, Professor Kell Kelly turned to face the cheering crowd. "Gentlemen! In this picture, you see this hand bones of my image. I ever, have never seen a miracle like this, please allow me to propose to you: In the future it will be called the Roentgen X-ray ray, in order to express scientist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen sincere gratitude to Prof. great work! "Roentgen say something opposed to doing so, but his words were being engulfed in a wave of cheering up. No one who is willing to leave away. Roentgen had to answer various questions raised by participants. "I know, gentlemen!" He replied with a smile, "I know that I will thus become rich, but I am not prepared to auction this discovery." "That I may not understand it," an enterprise home bewilderment shook his head, "Why do you do this to make money? me out of 500,000!" "even if it is 10 million!" Roentgen indifferent smile replied: "I belong to all people discovered I wish I This discovery could be exploited by scientists around the world so that it will better serve the humanity ...... "Edit this paragraph other relevant exposure unit Roentgen irradiation produced radioactive material is a unit of volume. Named after the German experimental physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (Wilhelm Conrad R? Ntgen). English code is R, which is defined at 0 degrees C and 760 mm Hg to 1 cubic centimeter of air pressure caused by an electrostatic unit (3.3364 × 10 ^ 10 Coulomb) positive and negative ions of the radiation intensity = 1 roentgen units. Roentgen unit is not international units, but in other aspects of medicine is still very common. International units conversion is a roentgen units = 2.58 × 10-4 coulomb / kg. Generally used to measure the X-ray and γ-ray intensity. Roentgen units of measure with other forms of radiation (eg α particle) can be multiplied by a means that the performance of the biological effects of the Q factor. Roentgen units exists for the amount of radiation is not equal to the absorption of biological tissue. The latter is used to measure radiation doses in units of Rem or Sev. 1 rem is roughly equivalent to the human body absorbs all the units of a roentgen radiation. Sievert (Sv also translated in English Sievert, abbreviated Sv) is an international unit guided the unit used to measure radiation on biological tissue damage (dose equivalent). Named after the Swedish biophysicist Rolf Maximilian Sievert. Defined as a Sev = 1 joule (radiant energy) / kg. Formerly also used rem dose equivalent units (also known as the human body roentgen equivalent) measure, a rem = 0.01 Sievert. Roentgen Roentgen bonus prize is the German Justus Liebig University Giessen awarded an award by the German two companies jointly established in 1974, they are Wetzlar 阿图尔普法伊 Phil Co. Companies and Hoy Rochelle Anaheim - Giessen cis g · Ebbe Corporation. The two companies have been secured for the Rontgen prize for six years, that has been guaranteed until 1980. Roentgen prize awarded annually, the bonus amount is 5000 marks, mainly granted to young scientists, reward them in the field of radiation physics and radiobiology excellent basic research papers written or other forms of outstanding contributions. Roentgen prize selection committee established by the two companies and composed of representatives of the University of Giessen, is responsible for the Award Committee recommended the candidates for selection. Roentgen bonus may be granted to a person, but also by a few people to share. Roentgen Satellite Roentgen Satellite (R ö ntgensatellit, abbreviated as ROSAT) are Germany, the United States and Britain jointly developed

 

About Roentgen (17) of an X-ray astronomy satellite, to commemorate the discovery of X-rays is named after the German physicist Roentgen. The satellite originally planned by the space shuttle launch, since the Challenger accident, postponed until June 1, 1990, with a Delta II rocket at Cape Canaveral in the United States launched. Satellite imaging telescope equipped with two working bands were 0.1-2.4keV soft X-ray and extreme ultraviolet 0.06-0.2keV. X-ray telescope which uses four layers Walter type I grazing telescope, with a total area of ​​1140 cm2 receiving a resolution of up to 5 arc seconds. July 1990 to February 1991, Roentgen satellite for a period of six months of soft X-ray sky survey. In the subsequent nine years, Roentgen satellite detection to 150,000 X-ray sources, made a number of important results, including shooting into the moon's X-ray photographs, observations of supernova remnants and clusters of galaxies form, probing the molecular cloud emitted Dispersive X-ray radiation shadow, isolated neutron stars,2013 Nike CTR360 Maestri III AG ACC Firm Ground Soccer Cleats White Fluorescence Green, Shoemaker - Levy 9 comet collision with Jupiter emitted X-rays, X-ray source Jie Minka Gemini pulsation, etc.,Adidas 11Questra TRX Turf White Blue Black Soccer Cleats, also found a comet X-ray radiation. December 12, 1999, Roentgen satellite stopped working.