Substantia nigra

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substantia nigra (Substantia Nigra) structure and function of the substantia nigra pars compacta pathological structure and function of the substantia nigra reticulata expand Edit this paragraph the substantia nigra (Substantia Nigra) in the brain between the soles of the feet and the brain was covered with a large clumps of gray matter is the substantia nigra, found in the midbrain length. Substantia nigra cells rich in melanin synthesis of dopamine in the brain is the main nucleus. Nigra mainly telencephalon New striatum (caudate and putamen) with round-trip fiber links. For some reason the substantia nigra cell degeneration and reduced dopamine synthesis is induced parkinsonism (Parkinson disease) is a major cause. Under normal physiological conditions,adidas predator 2013, the substantia nigra is an important hub regulate movement.

the anatomical location of the substantia nigra [1]

Edit this paragraph structure substantia nigra substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons containing melanin. Therefore, in the brain slices,Adidas F50 TF, the neurons appear black. This is the name of the "substantia nigra" comes from. These neurons have long and thick dendrites, dendritic lot onto the ventral substantia nigra reticulata. Except in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain also dispersed There are many similar neurons. All of these melanin-containing neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway through (Nigrostriatal pathway) projected onto the striatum, transport neurotransmitter called dopamine. In addition, the substantia nigra neurons projecting to other basal ganglia nuclei, including the globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars compacta and the subthalamic nucleus. Substantia nigra neurons receiving from the network portion of the axon collateral input. These inputs are inhibitory. Function of the dopamine system is very complicated. Now generally believed that dopamine function is to learn what behaviors can lead to reward (reward,Nike Mercurial Vapor IX, such as food or sex). There is experimental evidence that the substantia nigra pars compacta dopamine neurons in the animal's reward is greater than expected when you get paid impulse. These impulses can be used to update the animal for reward expectations. Certain recreational drugs, such as cocaine reward to simulate the dopamine system response. This can be used to explain why these drugs cause addiction. Another study showed that dopamine function also has a relationship with the punishment. Pathological substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons apoptosis can lead to Parkinson's disease. This disease may be hereditary, it may be due to some unknown factors. Parkinson's disease may have a number of viral infections, or some toxins (e.g. MPTP) causes. Dopamine neuron lesions may also be associated with schizophrenia and some symptoms of depression. Edit this paragraph structure nigra reticulata substantia nigra reticulata neurons in the distribution of the far more dense ministry is sparse. Reticulata neurons in the globus pallidus neurons is quite similar in structure. Reticulata neurons mainly receive from the striatum, thalamus nucleus and substantia nigra pars compacta input. These neurons afferent dendrites and axons vertical striatum, which is the same as with the globus pallidus neurons. Substantia nigra reticulata neurons synthesize a become the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. These neurons through the substantia nigra thalamic tract (Nigrothalamic bundle) projected onto the thalamus and sports-related parts, namely ventral anterior thalamic nucleus (Ventralis anterior, VA). Ventral anterior thalamic nucleus and then projected onto the frontal cortex, including the eye area. Function substantia nigra reticulata neurons in the case of no input spontaneous firing impulses. Spontaneous firing rate in some primates can be up to 68 impulses / sec. Substantia nigra reticulata is basal ganglia output to the thalamus one moving part of the two channels. Another channel is the globus pallidus kernel. As reticular neurons projecting portion to the thalamus and oculomotor function related part, so the function of the mesh portion may involve jumping and eye gaze control.