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define different disease located on the paralysis of the facial nucleus Edit this paragraph defines the characteristics of supranuclear palsy refers to the injury occurred in the cranial nerve nuclei above segments ,adidas f50 2013, such as the side of the upper motor neurons ,Mercurial Vapor VIII, including cortical bundles or from nuclear cone first region

supranuclear palsy

somatic cell damage can produce contralateral eye fissure below the tongue and contralateral facial muscle paralysis , the performance of the contralateral shallow nasolabial fold or disappear , mouth low down, mouth twisted to one side of the lesion , drooling , can not be drum cheeks, toothy and whistle and other actions ; tongue tongue when the bias contralateral . Edit this paragraph bit different diseases facial nerve paralysis on the characteristics of the nuclear motion on one side of the surface element is characterized by muscle paralysis : contralateral paralysis of facial muscles around the mouth , the side of the pyramidal tract fibers lesions on the side of the muscle under 1/2 ~ 2 /3 of the involuntary movement disappeared, but emotional movement, such as spontaneous laugh,nike mercurial 2013, cry , or other emotional performance of involuntary contractions still exists. Disposable facial small part of the medial frontal gyrus cortical damage, can cause paralysis of the nucleus alone , and can be accompanied by facial muscles Jackson attack. Because the facial nerve and extrapyramidal contact unspoiled , despite the facial nerve supranuclear paralysis, facial muscles still have involuntary movements ( tonic clonic convulsions or hemifacial spasm ) . Lesions in the cerebral hemispheres, without involving the thalamus to the facial nucleus fibers , then supranuclear facial nerve paralysis patients in laughter when not exhibit paralysis, but also involving the hypothalamus of the facial nerve supranuclear palsy , in laughter when they exhibited paralysis . Thalamic lesions, voluntary movement can be retained , but the contralateral " subconscious " emotes lost. Globus pallidus to facial nerve function is interrupted, stiff facial muscle stiffness , tremor, paralysis called masks , but in this " frozen " on the face muscles , or find some randomness and emotional impulses from the muscles caused by contraction. Upper motor yuan ( pyramidal tract , thalamus, globus pallidus ) facial paralysis , muscular atrophy not happen , there is no fasciculations , no electricity reaction of degeneration . Moreover , each accompanied by pyramidal tract , thalamus, basal ganglia and other symptoms. It is actually not difficult to identify.

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General Provisions Article Article Article Chapter II medical device manufacturing enterprises set up application and approval Article IV Article V Article VI Article VII Article IX Articles 10, 11 of Article XII Article XIII Article XIV Chapter III Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License Management Article XV Article XVI Article XVII Article XVIII Article XIX Article XX Article 21 Article 22 Article 24 Article 23 Article 25 of Chapter IV commissioned the production of medical equipment management Chapter supervision and inspection of medical device manufacturing Chapter Expand Legal Liability Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions Chapter I General Provisions Article Edit this paragraph to strengthen the supervision and management of medical device manufacturing, standardized production order, to ensure that medical devices are safe and effective, according to the "Supervision and Regulation of Medical Devices" to develop this approach. The second production supervision and management of medical devices means (food) drug supervision and administration departments in accordance with the conditions of medical device manufacturing and production processes for review, licensing and supervision and inspection management activities. Article State Food and Drug Administration in charge of nationwide medical equipment production supervision and management; county level or above (food) drug supervision and administration department is responsible for the administration of medical equipment production supervision and management. Edit this paragraph CHAPTER run medical equipment manufacturing enterprises set up application and approval Article IV medical device manufacturer shall comply with the national medical device industry development plans and industrial policies. The state Food and Drug Administration should be in accordance with "Medical Devices Regulations," the provisions of the start-up medical device manufacturers specifying conditions for different categories of medical equipment to develop appropriate medical device manufacturing practices, and the organization implemented. Article VI opened the first class of medical device manufacturers, should have adapted to the production of products and production conditions, and shall within 30 days after receiving the business license, complete the "first class medical device manufacturers Registration Form" (see the Measures Annex 1), the location of the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and management departments informed in writing. Article 7 The establishment Second Class III medical device manufacturers must meet the following conditions: (a) the production, quality and technical responsible person should have to adapt to the production of medical equipment professional competence and mastery of the relevant medical device supervision and management laws, rules and regulations and related product quality, technical requirements. Quality manager responsible person shall concurrently produce; (two) enterprise junior secondary education or above title technical personnel accounting for the proportion of total number of employees should work with the products produced meet the requirements; (three) companies should have produced adapt products and production scale production equipment, production, storage space and the environment. Production on the environment and equipment and other special requirements of medical devices, shall meet the national standards, industry standards and national regulations; (four) enterprises should establish quality inspection institutions, and have produced with the variety and scale of production of suitable quality testing capacity; (five) business should be kept with the medical equipment production and operation of the relevant laws, rules, regulations and relevant technical standards. Article 8 To establish Class III medical device manufacturers, in addition shall comply with the requirements of Article VII of this approach, should also meet the following requirements: (a) comply with the requirements of the quality management system at least two internal auditors; (two ) or intermediate professional titles related professional college education less than two full-time technical staff. Article IX to open a second Class III medical device manufacturer, shall apply to the business of the province, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department to apply, fill out the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License (start) Application Form" ( See Annex 2 of this approach), and submit the following materials: (a) the legal representative, person in charge of the basic situation of enterprises and the qualification certificate; (two) issued by the administrative department for industry and commerce enterprise to be the name of pre-approval notice; (three) production sites supporting documents; (four) production, quality and technology leader resume, academic or certificate of title; related professional and technical personnel, skilled workers registration form and indicate which departments and positions; senior, intermediate and junior technical staff ratios Fact Sheet; (five) intends to produce product range, variety and Related Products Introduction; (six) main production equipment and testing equipment catalog; (seven) production quality management file directory; (eight) Planned Production process flow diagram, and note that principal controls and control points; (nine) production of sterile medical devices, test report shall provide a production environment. Applicants entire contents of the application materials should be responsible for the authenticity. Article provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department receives an application,Men Nike Air Max 2013, shall be dealt with under the following circumstances: (a) for matters not within the purview of the department, shall immediately make a decision of rejection and inform the applicant to the relevant administrative organ; (two) application materials can be corrected on the spot an error, it shall allow the applicant corrected on the spot; (three) application materials are incomplete or do not meet the requirements of formality examination, on the spot or in 5 working days to the applicant "correction notice of material," a one-time inform the applicant the entire contents of corrections, fails to do so, since the date of receipt of the application materials shall be accepted; (four) application materials are complete , in line with the requirements of formality examination, or the applicant has submitted all required application materials corrections be accepted. Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and management departments accepting or rejecting an application for medical device manufacturers offering, it shall issue a special seal stamped with the department accepts and dated "Acceptance Notice" or "inadmissible notice book. " Article XI of the application to open a second Class III medical device manufacturers, the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department shall accept within 30 working days, in accordance with Article VII of this approach to the provisions of Article IX and the State Food and Drug Administration issued a medical device manufacturing practices on the application for review. For the production of medical equipment has not been promulgated and implemented quality management standard classification implementation requirements, in accordance with Article VII of this approach to the provisions of Article IX for review. Following a review of compliance, to approve the issuance of a written decision within 10 working days and issue the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" (see Annex 7 of this approach). Following a review of non-compliance, not issuing a written decision to make, and explain the reasons and inform the applicant of the right to apply for administrative reconsideration or bring an administrative lawsuit. Article XII of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department shall sites and the executive office place for "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" necessary conditions, procedures, duration, required to submit all the materials Directories and exemplary application. Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department issued a "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" the relevant information should be made public, the public right of access. Article XIII provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department of the medical equipment manufacturing enterprises set up application for review, and approval of the approval process should be publicized results. Applicants and interested parties can be directly related to their major interests submit written comments to make a statement and defense. Article XIV medical equipment manufacturing enterprises run applications directly related to the interests of the applicant and others, the relationship between the major provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department shall inform the applicant, interested parties can follow the laws, regulations and national Food and Drug Administration and other provisions have the right to request a hearing; medical equipment manufacturing enterprises in the start-up on the application for review, the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and management departments that involve significant licensing matters of public interest, it should be to the community notice and hold a hearing. Edit this paragraph Chapter III Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License Management Article XV "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" divide originals and copies of the original copy has the same legal effect, is valid for five years. "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" by the State Food and Drug Administration uniformly printed. Article XVI, "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" shall set forth the license number, business name, legal representative, responsible person, registered address, the production address, the production range, the issuing authority, date of issue and expiry date, etc. matter. Production range should include product management classes, medical equipment Category class code and name. Article XVII "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" Change into licensing and registration for a change for a change. Permission for a change refers to the legal representative, responsible person, registered address, the production address, the production range changes. Notification of change is defined in the above matters other than matters changes. Article XVIII medical device manufacturers permission to change, it shall change in the original licensing matters on the 30th, fill out the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License (Change) Application Form" (see Annex 3 of this approach), with reference to the Article 9 Submit involves changing the contents of the provisions of the relevant materials, the original license issuing authority for a "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" change of registration. Original issuing authority shall receive the enterprise change request and change the date of the application materials within 15 working days to approve the decision to change or not change. Allowed to change, recover the original certificate, recertification after the change of the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" validity deadline unchanged. Not change, it shall give reasons in writing and inform the applicant of the right to apply for administrative reconsideration or bring an administrative lawsuit. Medical equipment manufacturing enterprises according to law, "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" changes in licensing matters formalities, shall promptly report to the administrative department for industry and commerce enterprise registration of change procedures. Article XIX medical device manufacturers to change the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" registered items, shall be approved by the administrative department for industry and commerce within 30 days after the change, fill out the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License (Change) Application Form" (see the Measures Annex 3), apply to the issuing authority for a "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" change of registration. Original issuing authority shall receive the enterprise change request and change the application materials within 15 working days from the date of its change procedures. Compliance, recover the original certificate, recertification, after the change of the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" validity deadline unchanged. Article 20, Class III medical device manufacturers merger, division or migration across the original jurisdiction shall be in accordance with Article VII of this approach to re-apply the provisions of Article IX, "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License." The first class of medical equipment manufacturing enterprises merger, division, migration across the original jurisdiction or inform entry change, it should be for the new business license within 30 days after registration event occurs or informed within 30 days after the change,Mercurial Vapor X, in accordance with Article VI of this approach provisions, to the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and management departments informed in writing. Article 21, Class III medical device manufacturers provinces set up production sites of the enterprise, but did not form an independent production companies, the original examination and approval department shall apply, fill out the "Second Class III medical devices enterprises set up production sites interprovincial Registration Form "(see Annex 4 of this approach), and submit relevant materials, application" Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License "change of registration. With reference to the original examination and approval department first paragraph of Article 18 of the regulations. Allowed to change, the original examination and approval department shall inform the production site will change the situation of the province, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department. The first class of medical equipment manufacturing enterprises set up the inter-provincial corporate production site but did not form an independent production companies, the second paragraph of Article 20 shall be in accordance with the provisions of the original written notice to inform the registration department. Original receipt of the registration department informed written notice shall, after briefing the production site of the province, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department. Medical equipment manufacturing enterprises set up production sites and the formation of inter-provincial independent producers, it should be in accordance with the way the provisions of Articles 7 to 9 for "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" or in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 of a class of medical device manufacturers to inform registered. New production sites of the province, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and management departments in the issuance of "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" or receive first class medical device manufacturers to inform in writing after the original examination and approval department shall be informed or to inform the original registration department. Article 22 of the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" need to continue the production of the expiry, medical equipment manufacturing enterprises shall before the expiry of six months, the original license issuing authority renewal "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" application ,Adidas Predator XII, fill out the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License (renewal) application form" (see Annex 5 of this approach), and submit the original "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" issued or since the last time, "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" renewal Since the provisions of Article 9 of this material change of the material. Original issuing authority to enforce the law and regulations combined with business, product supervision and operation of the quality system, mutatis mutandis, the provisions of Article XI of this approach are reviewed to be made whether to renew the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" decision. Compliance, recover the original certificate, issue a new license. Non-compliance, the replacement shall not be made in writing and explain the reasons, and inform the applicant of the right to apply for administrative reconsideration or bring an administrative lawsuit. Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department under the medical device manufacturer's application, it shall in the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" made before the expiry of the decision whether to grant its renewal. Fails to make a decision, as agreed replacement, and I go through the appropriate procedures. Article 23 of the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" lost, medical device manufacturers shall immediately apply to the issuing authority for a replacement, and in the original issuing authority designated loss statement posted on the media. Original issuing authority in the corporate statement of loss from the date of publication least one month after the matter in accordance with the original approved replacement in 10 working days "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License." Twenty-four provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and management departments should establish a "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" issuance, renewal, change and other work files and "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" issued, for hair, change, replacement, revocation and cancellation, etc., at the end of each quarter submitted to the State Food and Drug Administration. Due to change, renewal, suspension, revocation, cancellation and other reasons to recover, void of the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" shall be kept in files for five years. Article 25 Any unit or individual shall alter, sell, lease, lend or in any other form of illegal transfer of "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License." Edit this paragraph commissioned the production of medical devices Chapter Twenty-six medical equipment management commissioned the production of the commissioning party should be made "medical device manufacturers license" or carried out in accordance with the provisions of the first class of medical device manufacturers to inform registration, and obtain a certificate of registration of medical device manufacturers. Article 27 of the Medical Devices commissioned the production of trustees should be made "medical device manufacturers license" or carried out in accordance with the provisions of the first class of medical device manufacturers to inform the registered producers and meet the following conditions: (a ) commissioned its production range should cover the production of medical devices; (two) production conditions, detection capability, quality management system should be entrusted with the production of medical devices and adapt; (three) one-time use of sterile medical equipment, and the State Food and Drug otherwise provided by the Authority and other medical devices, in addition shall comply with the above requirements, the trustees must also have fiduciary production of products covered by a certificate of registration of medical devices. Article 28 The commission responsible for the quality commissioned the production and sale of medical devices. Entrusting party shall trustees production conditions, production technology and quality management situation examined in detail, it should be provided to the trustees commissioned the production of medical equipment technology and quality documents, the whole production process of guidance and supervision. Trustees shall commissioned the production of products of medical device registration certificate required product standards, production technology for the production, in accordance with regulations to save all documents and records entrusted production. Article 29 of the Medical Devices commissioned the production of the principal and the trustees shall sign a written contract. Commissioned the production of the contract shall not exceed commissioned the production of products for medical device registration certificate should be valid. Article 30 The parties shall entrust the contract within 30 days, to the local provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department registration, fill in the "registration form commissioned the production of medical devices" (see Annex 6 of this approach) and submit the following materials: (a) the principal and the trustees of the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" or "first class medical device manufacturers Registration Form", business license; (two) Principal commissioned the production of the product Medical Device Registration Certificate and the trustees related products for medical device registration certificate copy; (three) commissioned the production of medical devices to be used in product standards, production technology, brochures, labels and packaging and labeling; (four) commissioned the production of copies of the contract; ( five) the entrusting party trustees approved the quality management system declaration; (six) entrusting party on medical device quality, sales and after-sales service responsibilities self assurance statement. Principal provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug regulatory department registration shall, after the "Medical Device Registration Form commissioned the production of" cc trustees provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department. Article 31 of the commissioned production contract termination or change the contents of registration, the Principal shall promptly report to the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department. Principal provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department shall timely inform the trustees of the province, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department. Article 32 prohibits commissioned the production of medical equipment parts. Specific directory by the State Food and Drug Administration announced. Article 33 commissioned the production of medical equipment manufacturing enterprises not as a medical device management of parts, components, materials, etc., do not belong to the scope of management commissioned the production of medical devices. Article 34 commissioned the production of medical equipment, its brochures, labels and packaging and labeling shall indicate the commissioning party business name, business name and production trustees address. Edit this paragraph CHAPTER supervision and inspection of medical equipment production Article 35 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department is responsible for managing the administration of medical equipment manufacturing enterprises supervision and inspection, supervision and inspection of the implementation of the operation to establish mechanism for the preparation of the administration of medical equipment manufacturing enterprises annual supervision and inspection plan, a clear municipal districts (food) drug supervision and management agencies and county (food) drug regulatory agency supervision and inspection duties. State Food and Drug Administration should provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and management departments to conduct supervision and inspection guidance and inspection, and it may need to be organized for medical device manufacturers to conduct random checks. Article 36 Medical Device Production Supervision and inspection of the main contents of the medical equipment manufacturing enterprises is to check implementation of relevant laws, regulations, rules and implementation of medical device manufacturing quality management norms. Supervision and inspection, including renewal of the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" on-site inspection, GMP track inspection and routine supervision and inspection. Article 37 levels (food) drug supervision and management department of supervision and inspection, inspection program should be developed, a clear inspection standards, truthfully record the scene inspection, inspection results should be communicated in writing to be inspected enterprises. Need to be put forward rectification rectification contents and rectification period, and implement follow-up examination. Conducting supervision and inspection, (food) drug supervision and administration department shall assign two or more inspectors to carry out supervision and inspection, the inspectors shall be inspected enterprises to show their law enforcement documents. (Food) drug supervision and administration department staff aware of enterprise technology and business secrets shall be confidential. Article 38 The supervision and inspection, (food) drug supervision and administration department can legally access or require manufacturers to provide the following information and materials concerning: (a) "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" and approval of changes in circumstances and events, medical device registration certificate and business license; (two) business organization, production and quality of key management personnel as well as the production, testing and approval of changes in the conditions of the situation; (three) production operation and quality management; (four) medical equipment manufacturing enterprises accept the supervision and inspection and rectification implementation; (five) after being advertised substandard medical equipment rectification; (six) inspection authorities need to review other necessary information. Article 39 above the county level (food) drug supervision and administration department shall laws, regulations and rules within the authority conferred to establish the administrative area of ​​medical equipment manufacturing enterprises supervision file. Regulatory dossiers should include medical device registration approval, production license, production supervision and inspection, product quality supervision and spot checks, monitoring of adverse events, complaints and reports of bad behavior records and so on. Article 40 above the county level (food) drug supervision and administration department shall supervise and inspect manufacturing enterprises found the following behavior credited producers regulatory dossiers: (a) production does not meet the national standards, industry standards and product standards for registration medical devices; (two) beyond the approved scope of production of medical equipment; (three) arbitrarily reduce the corresponding production conditions; (four) violate medical equipment manuals, labeling and packaging of identity management requirements; (five) fails to provide for the establishment and effective implementation of quality tracking and adverse event monitoring system; (six) illegal medical equipment advertising; (seven) commissioned the production of medical equipment without authorization or entrust the production of medical devices without registration; (eight) other violations of laws, regulations, rules and national food relevant requirements and Drug Administration. Article 41 (food) drug supervision and management departments to implement supervision and inspection of medical equipment manufacturing enterprises shall not impede the normal production activities, shall not solicit or accept a medical device manufacturer's property, shall not seek other interests. Article 42 individuals and organizations have found that medical device manufacturers for illegal production activities, the right to (food) drug supervision and management departments to report, (food) drug supervision and administration department shall promptly verify the address. Article 43 above the county level (food) drug regulatory department of the administrative regions have bad behavior record production company, can increase the supervision and inspection and product testing frequency. Article 44 medical device manufacturers should be under the effective operation of the quality management system to organize production, in line with medical device manufacturers production conditions and the corresponding provisions of the relevant requirements of the quality management standard. Article 45 medical device manufacturers produce medical devices shall conform to the national standards, industry standards and registered product standards. Sale of medical devices shall be subject to inspection, together with the certificate. Article 46 Medical Devices provinces to set up production sites but not to form an independent production companies, production sites of the province, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department is responsible for its daily supervision and management, and the situation in the production of medical equipment Enterprises of the original approval authority or the original notification to inform the registration department. Commissioned the production of medical devices, the trustees of the province, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department is responsible for the daily supervision and management of trusted businesses work, and the situation to the Principal of the province, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department briefing. Article 47 The medical device manufacturer continuous production for more than one year to re-organization of production, it shall inform in writing in advance of the province, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department. Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department shall conduct medical device manufacturers quality system assessment, or on-site inspection. Article 48 The medical device manufacturer shall carry out in accordance with relevant provisions of medical device adverse event monitoring and re-evaluation of marketed products, and the establishment of related files. Class III medical devices manufacturer shall establish and implement a post-market tracking system to ensure product traceability. Article 49 The medical device manufacturer of medical devices produced major quality accidents occur, they shall immediately report to the local provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department. Article 50 of "The People's Republic of China Administrative Licensing Law" (hereinafter referred to as "Administrative Licensing Law") Article 70 of the circumstances, the original license issuing organ shall cancel the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License", and since the cancellation from the date of 5 working days notify the relevant administrative department. Article 51 above the county level (food) drug supervision and administration department shall set up medical equipment supervisor. Medical device regulations concerning supervisor by the State Food and Drug Administration will be forthcoming. Edit this paragraph Chapter VI Legal Liability Article 52 "Administrative Licensing Law" Article 69 of the circumstances, the State Food and Drug Administration or the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department under the stakes related request or ex officio, may revoke the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License." Article 53 violation of the Regulations, without obtaining the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" Production II, Class III medical devices, in accordance with "Supervision and Regulation of Medical Devices" Article 36 punishment. Without obtaining medical device registration certificate production of medical equipment, in accordance with "Supervision and Regulation of Medical Devices" Article 35 punishment. Article 54 violation of the provisions alter, sell, lease, lend or in any other form of illegal transfer of "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License", and above the county level (food) drug supervision and administration department shall order correction and impose 10,000 yuan to 30,000 yuan fine; altered for use, reselling, leasing, lending or other forms of illegal transfer of the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" shall be ordered to make corrections, which are not made "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License card "production II, Class III medical devices, in accordance with" Supervision and Regulation of Medical Devices "Article 36 punishment. Article 55 The applicant withholding relevant information or providing false materials for "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License", and provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug supervision and administration department shall not accept or not approved and given a warning, for people can not apply again within a year, "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License." To fraud, bribery and other improper means to obtain "medical device manufacturers license", the original issuing authority undo "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License"; production have been carried out in accordance with "Supervision and Regulation of Medical Devices" thirtieth six penalties; applicant within three years shall not apply again for the administrative license. Article 56 The production does not meet national standards, industry standards and product standards for registration of medical devices, according to "Medical Devices Regulations," Article 37 punishment. Article 57 The medical device manufacturer of the following circumstances, the local county level or above (food) drug supervision and administration department shall give a warning, ordered to make corrections and impose a fine of 30,000 yuan the following: (a) The first category medical equipment production enterprise fails to (food) drug supervision and administration department with written informed; (two) fails standards for testing or certification of products manufactured without; (three) Failing to apply for the "Medical Device Manufacturing Enterprise License" change procedures; (four) violate medical device manufacturing quality management related requirements, arbitrarily reduce production conditions; (five) fails this regulation without registration or fiduciary entrusted the production of medical devices; (six) in unauthorized production Going unauthorized production of medical devices; (seven) Class III medical devices produced according to the specified tracking system established after the listing; (eight) Failing to report occurrence of major medical equipment quality accidents; (nine) listed medical devices exist major security risk, and is not corrected; (ten) consecutive stop medical equipment manufacturing enterprises more than a year, did not advance written notice of the province, autonomous regions and municipalities (food) drug regulatory department that is to resume production; (eleven) to be responsible for supervision and inspection of the (food) drug supervision and management departments to conceal the situation, providing false materials or refuse to provide a true reflection of its activities to the material. Medical device manufacturers circumstances listed in the preceding paragraph, the circumstances are serious or harmful consequences, constitutes a breach of "Medical Devices Regulations" the relevant provisions, in accordance with "Supervision and Regulation of Medical Devices" to be punished. Article 58 of the Regulations of the implementation of administrative license violation of relevant laws and regulations, in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. Article 59 (food) drug supervision and administration department staff abuse of power, corruption, dereliction of duty, constitutes a crime, according to the relevant provisions of the criminal law by the judiciary be held criminally responsible; does not constitute a crime, shall be given by the competent authorities administrative sanctions. Edit this paragraph Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions Article 60 The State Food and Drug Administration is responsible for interpretation. Article 61 These Measures shall come into force from the date of publication. State Drug Administration on April 10, 2000 release of "medical equipment manufacturing enterprises supervision and management measures" shall be repealed simultaneously.

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Mathematical Logic life examples Edit this paragraph in life, common life "if ...... then ......" "if ......, you ......" and "as long as ......, on ...... "to indicate sufficient condition. For example: 1. If you draw with the game, then the Chinese soccer team will be able to qualify. 2. General Staff Command: If the aircraft can not land directly parachute Wenchuan. 3. Sishen asked Xianglinsao actually willing to follow, Wei old woman said: "Is there anything by failing. Trouble who is also always a bustling downtown of; just use the rope bundle, plug in the sedan, the carried to the groom, flick on Corolla, weddings, closing the door, get away. "But life associated with the use of these words are often not considered when people need. In other words, to meet the A, B bound up, we say, if A, then B, or if A, then B. This expresses the condition of adequacy, as condition A is not the result of B we have not considered necessary. For example: If you are alive, I'm going to write. From an objective point of view, does not meet the "alive" inevitably "can not write." Therefore, the "live" is the "I want to write," the necessary and sufficient conditions. But in fact the speaker was saying these words, he just wanted to express to meet the "I'm alive" when the inevitable "I want to write." As for the "can not live without writing," although we all know the situation, but not to express the speaker's meaning. So life associated words are merely expressions of these conditions is sufficient, adequate mean,nike mercurial cristiano ronaldo 2013, without considering the necessity and logic of this strict definition is different. Sufficient condition other saying: adequate conditions, adequate conditions, adequate conditions. Edit this section are defined logic: If there is something the case A, then there must be something situations B; case A if no things and not necessarily something no circumstances B, A is B is full and unnecessary conditions, referred to as sufficient. Sufficient condition for the study of logic and Hypothetical Hypothetical reasoning leads to. Representation of a thing is that another case of things sufficient conditions sufficient condition called Hypothetical Hypothetical Proposition. Adequate Condition proposition is the general form: If p, then q. Symbols: p → q (read as "p implication in q"). For example, "If the object is not external forces, then it will remain at rest or uniform motion" is a sufficient condition for the Hypothetical Proposition. According to Proposition sufficient condition false reasoning logical nature sufficient condition called Hypothetical reasoning. Edit this paragraph are mathematical proposition p, q, if p launched q, then p is a sufficient condition q, q is a necessary condition of p; if p and q Release Release q p, q,mercurial, then p is a necessary and sufficient condition, Short necessary and sufficient condition For example: x = y Release x ^ 2 = y ^ 2, then x = y is x ^ 2 = y ^ 2 a sufficient condition, x ^ 2 = y ^ 2 is a necessary condition x = y. a, b one positive and one negative launched ab <0, ab <0 launch a, b one positive and one negative, then a, b one positive and one negative and ab <0 mutually necessary and sufficient conditions. Edit this paragraph Example 1. A = "rain"; B = "ground moist." 2. A = "wood"; B = "will produce CO2". Example, the A sufficient condition is B, or rather, A is B, and unnecessary conditions sufficient: First, A will inevitably lead to B; Second, A is not required for B occurs. In the example, rain causes the ground moist, but not wet ground caused by the rain, may be a result of the splashing; wood will produce CO2, but the combustion to CO2 may be methanol. These instructions A is not B occurs required. So A is a sufficient condition for B, but also unnecessary conditions, namely unnecessary and sufficient conditions.

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About epidemiological risk factors for disease etiology and pathogenesis of clinical diagnosis and treatment of pathophysiological Edit this paragraph disease prevention Expand Introduction Sudden cardiac death (sudden cardiac death, SCD) refers to the heart due to various reasons cause of sudden death. That there can occur in patients with or without heart disease, often without any life-threatening early performance, sudden loss of consciousness during the acute onset of symptoms within 1 hour after death, is a non-traumatic natural death, is characterized by unexpected rapid death . More than 91% of SCD is caused by arrhythmias, and some non-cardiac conditions such as heart accidental rupture, pulmonary embolism, etc. can also rapid death within one hour, but its mechanism and prevention of sudden arrhythmic death is different with . With the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (implantable cardioverter defibrillator, ICD) for clinical applications, through its monitoring system to further deepen the understanding of SCD [1]. Edit this paragraph epidemiology in industrialized countries as a major cause of adult deaths due to coronary heart disease SCD, SCD incidence reported in the literature for the year from 0.36 to 1.28/1000, but the sudden death of the hospital is not included in the statistics. Therefore, the actual population of SCD incidence may be higher. At different ages, sex and history of cardiovascular disease in populations, SCD incidence vary widely, from 60 to 69 years old men with a history of heart disease in SCD incidence of up to 8 per year / 1000.80% of hospital death occurred in home, 15% occurred in the road or public place. Fu Wai Hospital, led by a multi-center prospective series of studies (fifteen national public relations issues) for the first time come to China, the incidence of sudden cardiac death 41.84/10 million, the total number of deaths of sudden cardiac death up to 544,000 / year, among the first countries in the world, suggesting that prevention of sudden cardiac death in China arduous task. Edit this paragraph risk factors (a) age, gender epidemiological analysis, increasing age is a risk factor for SCD. In children 1 to 13 years age group, 19% of all sudden cardiac, youth 14 to 21 years age group SCD accounted for 30% of all sudden death. All of sudden death in older SCD accounted for 80% to 90% or more, largely with coronary heart disease incidence increased with age, because more than 80% of SCD patients suffering from coronary heart disease. Male than female SCD incidence (about 4:1), in the Framingham study, men and women between the ages of 55 to 64 difference in the incidence of larger (almost 7:1), because in this age group, the incidence of coronary heart disease than men women significantly increased. (Two) hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy Hypertension is a risk factor for coronary heart disease, but the cause of hypertension is the main mechanism of SCD left ventricular hypertrophy. Framingham study showed increased left ventricular mass per 50g/m2, SCD increased risk of 45%. (Three) of LDL-C hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease increased in all clinical types are relevant, including the SCD. Statin drugs can be reduced by 30% to 40% of coronary death (including SCD) and non-fatal myocardial infarction. (Four) have confirmed that eating too many epidemiological data of saturated fatty acids and too little intake of unsaturated fatty acids were increased risk of coronary heart disease, but did not directly observe its effect on the incidence of SCD. American Studies on 20,551 cases from 40 to 84 years without history of myocardial infarction prospective observational men showed at least a week to eat fish once a person is a monthly incidence of SCD who ate fish less than once a half. (Five) exercise the degree of coronary artery disease patients with moderate physical activity can help prevent cardiac arrest and SCD occur, and strenuous exercise are likely to trigger SCD and acute myocardial infarction. Adults from 11% to 17% of the cardiac arrest occurred in strenuous exercise during or immediately after exercise, and ventricular fibrillation related. This is also reflected in the rehabilitation of patients with heart disease research and exercise stress test process, the incidence of cardiac arrest were 1/12000 ~ 1/15000 (Rehabilitation Research) and 1/200 (exercise stress test) is a common heart patients the incidence of cardiac arrest six times. (Six) Drinking excessive alcohol consumption, especially drunkenness increases the risk of SCD occurs in alcoholics often find QT prolongation, which is easy to trigger ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation. But studies have found moderate alcohol consumption may reduce the incidence of SCD. (Seven) heart rate and heart rate variability study confirmed that heart rate is an independent risk factor for SCD, and its mechanism is not clear, may be associated with reduced vagal tone related. Impaired heart rate variability and 24 hours slowest heart rate> 65 beats / min in SCD risk is about 2 times normal. (Eight) Smoking Smoking is one of the triggering factors for SCD, increased platelet adhesion due to smoking is easy, reducing ventricular fibrillation threshold, increased blood pressure, induced coronary artery spasm, so carboxyhemoglobin accumulation and utilization of myoglobin damage and reduce cycle portability oxygen carrying capacity, leading to nicotine-induced catecholamine release. 20 daily smokers compared with non-smokers each year incidence of SCD were 31/1000 and 13/1000. (Nine) sudden change in lifestyle mental factors, personal and social factors and emotional loneliness and life overburdened with SCD caused by repressed emotions are closely related. (Ten) for some patients with a family history family history is an important risk factor. Known that certain single-gene diseases such as long QT syndrome, Brugada syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia prone to cause SCD. Other risk factors include intraventricular conduction block, abnormal glucose tolerance test and obesity. Left ventricular dysfunction is male Important factors for SCD. In patients with severe heart failure, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia is an increased incidence of SCD independent factors. Edit this paragraph etiology and pathogenesis of SCD by the vast majority of cardiac structural abnormalities. Adult patients with SCD cardiac structural abnormalities including coronary heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, myocarditis, non-atherosclerotic coronary artery abnormalities, invasive disease and intracardiac anomalies channels. These structural changes are cardiac ventricular tachyarrhythmia occurrence basis, and most of SCD is ventricular tachyarrhythmias due. Some temporary functional factors, such as cardiac electrical instability, platelet aggregation, coronary artery spasm, myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, etc. so that the original stable cardiac structural abnormalities occur instability. Certain factors such as the autonomic nervous system instability, electrolyte imbalance, excessive fatigue, depressed mood and induced ventricular arrhythmias with drugs, can trigger SCD [2]. In the world, especially Western countries, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease is the most common cause of SCD cardiac structural abnormalities. In the United States all the SCD, coronary atherosclerosis and its complications due to SCD by up to 80%, cardiomyopathy (hypertrophic, dilated) accounted for 10% to 15% and the remaining 5% to 10% of SCD by lead to a variety of causes. Edit this paragraph pathophysiological pathophysiological changes are mainly fatal arrhythmias. 75% to 80% of cardiac arrest who first recorded arrhythmia is ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia and sustained by less than 2%. Arrhythmia common in severe congestive heart failure patients. (A) lethal tachyarrhythmias chronic coronary artery disease often have inadequate regional myocardial blood supply, thus regional myocardial metabolic or electrolyte status changes. Stress myocardial oxygen demand increases, but not a corresponding increase in coronary artery disease blood supply leading to arrhythmia or sudden death. Vasoactive changes (coronary spasm or coronary collateral circulation changes) can face temporary myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in double jeopardy. Coronary artery spasm has not been elucidated, but the local endothelial cell lesions and autonomic nervous system activity play a role. Studies suggest that chronic coronary artery endothelial cell damage and plaque rupture caused by platelet activation and aggregation, not only can lead to blood clots, and can produce a series of biochemical changes, affecting vasomotor regulation, leading to ventricular fibrillation. Rapid polymorphic VT and VF is characteristic of early ischemic arrhythmias, prone to cause SCD, and more from the conduction velocity is not synchronized with the ischemic area and ischemic area exists around absolute refractory period while prone reentry due. Ventricular tachyarrhythmias occurred fairly frequently in the reperfusion period. (Two) slow arrhythmias and cardiac arrest its pathophysiologic changes are mainly sinus and (or) atrioventricular node without normal function, lower self-regulatory organization not replaced due to pacing. Often occurs in severe heart disease, diffuse subendocardial Puken Ye fibrous lesions, hypoxia, acidosis, shock, renal failure, trauma, and other systemic conditions lead to low extracellular K + concentration, Puken Ye cell fraction depolarization phase 4 depolarization slope reduction (self-discipline inhibition), resulting in the loss of self-discipline. This type of arrhythmia is due overall suppression of autonomous cells, the culture is different from acute ischemic lesions. Inhibition of cell function independently when overdrive suppression particularly sensitive, and thus in paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia occurs after the long pause. The latter lead to local hyperkalemia and acidosis, so that self-regulation is further inhibited, eventually occur sustained ventricular asystole or ventricular fibrillation. (Three) the autonomic nervous system and the sympathetic activity likely to cause a fatal arrhythmia arrhythmia, and vagus nerve stimulation on sympathetic with the prevention of lethal arrhythmias and protective effect, because through the inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity , to reduce the release of norepinephrine, produce anti-adrenergic effect. Such as acute myocardial infarction can cause localized cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic denervation and hypersensitivity to catecholamines, and accompanied by action potential duration and refractory period shortening is not synchronized, easily lead to arrhythmias. Ischemic preconditioning can save early acute coronary occlusion sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent activity, and reduce the incidence of fatal arrhythmias. Regardless of which of the above mechanisms caused by cardiac arrest, marked the clinical death. But biological point of view, this time the body has not really died. Because the body tissue metabolism has not been completely stopped, the body's basic unit of life - cells remained a faint life activities. Such as to be timely and appropriate rescue, there may survive, especially sudden death occurred suddenly and unexpectedly. In cardiac and (or) after the cessation of breathing, blood flow perfusion without interruption, then generates acid-base balance and electrolyte imbalance, acidosis, particularly intracellular and extracellular K concentration increased. The study also found that hypoxia increased production of oxygen free radicals, with the biofilm polyvalent unsaturated fatty acid and combined with high affinity, resulting in cell membrane dysfunction, affecting the membrane permeability and activity of various enzymes, Ca internal flow increased to increase the intracellular Ca, ultimately leading to cell death. Reversible changes at this time to do the show irreversible outcome into biological death. Circulation stops, brain tissue reserves adenosine triphosphate and glycogen is depleted in a few minutes. If the temperature is normal, after cardiac arrest in 8 to 10 minutes, the brain cells can lead to irreversible damage. Liver and kidneys are more sensitive to hypoxia. The important organs in hypoxia and acidosis occurs when the pathophysiological process, which is the heart of the brain lesions, can be further increased hypoxia and acidosis, thus forming a vicious cycle. The longer the blood circulation stops, the lower the success rate of recovery, more complications. If not timely rescue after circulatory arrest hypoxic brain injury often becomes irreversible, is the main cause of death in cardiac arrest; Even successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation temporarily, the end may be due to brain death and deadly; occasionally lives were saved, can still be aftermath of permanent brain damage caused by disability. Therefore, the rescue of cardiac arrest must every minute counts. Edit this paragraph the clinical course of SCD clinical manifestations can be divided into four periods [3]: (a) the prodromal period many patients in the event of cardiac arrest before a few days or weeks or even months of prodromal symptoms, such as angina, shortness of breath or aggravation of heart palpitations, easy fatigue, and other nonspecific complaints. These prodromal symptoms are not unique to SCD, and is common in any prior heart attack. (Two) the incidence of cardiac arrest which led to acute cardiovascular changes prior period, usually not more than one hour. Typical manifestations include: prolonged angina or chest pain, acute myocardial infarction, acute dyspnea, palpitations, sudden, persistent tachycardia or dizziness and so on. If cardiac arrest occur instantaneously, without prior warning,Adidas F50 FG, then 95% of cardiac and coronary artery lesions. Sudden cardiac death were obtained from continuous ECG recordings can be seen in a few hours or minutes before the sudden death often changes the electrical activity of the heart, in which the heart rate and ventricular contraction deterioration upgraded to the most common. Sudden death in ventricular fibrillation who often first sustained burst of sustained ventricular tachycardia or arrhythmia incidence in these patients before the onset of most sober and in their daily activities, the incidence period (from onset of symptoms to cardiac arrest) is short. ECG abnormalities mostly ventricular fibrillation. Another part of the incidence of patients with circulatory failure, cardiac arrest prior to the inactive state, and even unconscious, the incidence of long. Before changes in cardiovascular death often have non-cardiac diseases. ECG abnormalities in cardiac arrest more common than ventricular fibrillation. (Three) cardiac arrest of complete loss of consciousness for the period features. If not immediately rescue, generally within a few minutes into the death phase. Those rare spontaneous reversal. Cardiac arrest followed the signs and symptoms appear as follows: ① heart sounds disappear. ② palpable pulse, blood pressure could not be determined. ③ sudden loss of consciousness or accompanied by paroxysmal convulsions. Often generalized convulsions, cardiac arrest occurred in within 10 seconds after, sometimes accompanied by eye deviation. ④ breathing intermittently, was sighing, after being stopped after cardiac arrest occurred in 20 to 30 seconds. ⑤ coma, cardiac arrest occurred in 30 seconds. ⑥ mydriasis, more than 30 to 60 seconds after cardiac arrest occurs. However, this period has not yet to the biological death. If appropriate timely rescue, the possibility of recovery. Success rate of recovery depends on: ① recovery began sooner or later, ② cardiac arrest occurred in places, ③ abnormal cardiac electrical activity type (ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular cardiac mechanical separation or the pause), ④ former patients in cardiac arrest clinical situations. (Four) biological death from cardiac arrest on the death of the biological evolution of cardiac arrest depends mainly on the type of electrical activity of the heart and cardiac resuscitation timeliness. Ventricular fibrillation or cardiac arrest, as in the first four to six minutes were not cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the prognosis is poor. As in the first 8 minutes, were not cardiopulmonary resuscitation, except in exceptional circumstances such as low temperature, or almost no survival. Edit this section diagnosis of cardiac arrest diagnosis is generally not a problem. But need to quickly determine. Sudden loss of consciousness, carotid or femoral artery pulse disappeared, especially heart sounds disappeared, cardiac arrest is the most important diagnostic criteria. Pale skin color can be large or bruising. Non-medical staff in accordance with loss of consciousness, no breathing movements or just dying respiratory activity, combined with arterial pulse disappeared diagnosis of cardiac arrest. However, respiratory activity can persist after the arrest occurred one minute or longer. On the contrary, such as respiratory movement disappeared or have severe wheezing and pulse but there, suggesting the primary breathing pause, in a very short period of time will lead to cardiac arrest. Edit this paragraph treatment under sudden loss of consciousness, carotid or femoral artery pulse disappeared, especially heart sounds disappeared, no breathing movements or activities just dying breath to diagnose cardiac arrest. Once the diagnosis of cardiac arrest, cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be immediately that (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CPR), including basic life support, advanced life support and resuscitation basic post-processing. CPR is aimed at giving clear before treatment, to maintain the central nervous system, heart and other vital organs of vitality [4]. Basic Life Support (BLS) refers to maintaining an open airway and respiratory and circulatory support. SCD also includes the identification and recovery of postural asphyxia management. Identification of SCD first confirm rescuers, victims and bystanders are safe. Check the victim's reaction, jiggle shoulders and shouted: "Are you okay?." If there is no response, then call for help, the victim on his back and then use the tilt head upward, lifting the jaw open airway techniques. To keep the airway open and observe thorax activities, listen to breath sounds, with cheeks feel airflow. If normal breathing, be put into the recovery position, call an ambulance, a continuous check breathing. If breathing is not normal chest compressions. Chest compressions, check your pulse should not exceed 10 seconds. If the patient has no pulse, you should immediately begin chest compressions. In order to push the best, the patient should be lying supine hard surface (such as flat or ground), the rescuer should press the palms on the center of the chest, between the sternum double nipple on the other hand parallel to the overlap pressure on its back, and to ensure that pressure is not transmitted to the ribs. Body perpendicular to the victims chest, arms straight, press the chest 4 ~ 5 cm. After each compression, dropping the pressure but keep your hands and thorax are not isolated, pressing frequencies 100 / min or so. Should minimize interruptions in chest compressions. Artificial respiration again after 30 compressions open the airway. Keeping the mouth and jaw lifting, wrap their lips after normal inspiratory mouth to ensure tightness. Blowing and observe the thorax flattering, blowing one second, which is effective in relief of artificial respiration. Leaving patients with mouth and observe the gas discharge and chest down. Artificial respiration again, then re-chest compressions, there should be no delay during the pressing ventilation ratio 30:2. Otherwise, unless the patient began to breathe normally without re-checking that interrupt recovery. Early defibrillation early defibrillation for cardiac arrest patients save crucial. Rescue personnel if not witnessed cardiac arrest outside the hospital, and tried in the ECG should be performed before defibrillation approximately 5 cycles of CPR. A CPR cycle includes 30 chest compressions and two breaths. If the chest compressions is 100 times / min speed, then 5 cycles of CPR for 2 minutes. Of-hospital ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest type clinical studies support the defibrillator before the first CPR. Shock defibrillation success was defined as at least 5 seconds after termination of ventricular fibrillation. According to defibrillation waveform different types of modern defibrillator is divided into one-way and two-way type. When using two-way defibrillator can be selected in either of two waveforms in a specific energy range, and each waveform are valid for termination of ventricular fibrillation. First shock when using the straight-line bidirectional waveform defibrillation should choose 120J-200J, and the second and subsequent two-way shock should choose the same or higher energy. Unidirectional wave defibrillator defibrillation energy should be chosen first 200J, 300J and defibrillation is unsuccessful then select 360J; also the first time that as soon as possible in order to select 360J shock cardioversion. In vitro automatic defibrillator (AED) is a reliable computer intelligent device, it can through sound and image prompts to guide non-professional emergency personnel and medical personnel on the type of ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest for safe defibrillation. Rescue personnel practices will defibrillator paddles on the patient's sternum bare-breasted front outer lateral. Electrode plate on the right side of the right clavicle in patients below the left nipple electrode plate placed flush with the left lateral chest down. The first shock energy of 2 J / Kg, subsequent shock energy of 4 J / Kg. Not recommended for use in patients with cardiac arrest pacing therapy, while patients with symptomatic bradycardia pacing therapy is taken into account. Now generally agreed that chest compressions is very important, there is no exact proof of pacing therapy on the basis of benefit in patients with cardiac arrest is not recommended for patients with cardiac arrest while pacing delays chest compressions. When a pulse is present, can be carried out on patients with symptomatic bradycardia pacing therapy or percutaneous transvenous pacing therapy. Advanced Life Support Advanced Life Support The overall objective is to fully ventilation, hemodynamic cardioversion rhythm into an effective rhythm, maintain and support the recovery cycle. Therefore, in patients with advanced life support is in: the endotracheal tube and oxygen in good; has defibrillation, cardioversion or cardiac pacing has been in; has established intravenous access can input must be drugs. After tracheal intubation, airway management, ventilation purpose is to correct hypoxemia. Thus, the patient's ventilation applications rather than room air oxygen. If possible, it should be monitored arterial oxygen. Hospital usually ventilator support ventilation, hospital patients often rely on balloon - Masks ways to maintain ventilation. Defibrillation - cardioversion ventricular fibrillation is the most common cause of cardiac arrest, a key step in successful resuscitation is rapid cardioversion rhythm. Timely chest compressions and artificial respiration can be maintained, although the heart and brain and other vital organs of vitality, but rarely will fibrillation to normal heart rhythm. Disease treatment drug treatment beneficial effects of epinephrine is mainly because of its α receptor agonism, increase coronary and cerebral perfusion pressure. Indications: is any cause cardiac arrest first medication: every 3 ~ 5 min of CPR used once epinephrine; cause allergic drug of choice; cardiogenic shock, second-line medication. Dose: The initial intravenous dose of 1 mg. When the blood vessels way delay or failure will be 2 ~ 3 mg with sterile water and diluted to 10 mL by intratracheal route. Usage: usually use two dilutions: 1:10 000 (10 mL solution containing 1 mg epinephrine); 1:1 000 (1 mL solution containing 1 mg epinephrine). Atropine can reverse the cholinergic receptor-mediated heart rate, effective disarmament of vagal tone, can be applied to cardiac arrest and pulseless electrical activity, the recommended dose of 1mg intravenously, if asystole persists every 3 - 5 minutes repeated application. Amiodarone. Indications: refractory VF / VT; hemodynamically stable ventricular tachycardia (VT) and other refractory tachycardia. Dose: If the first three shocks after VF / VT persists, with 5% glucose solution was diluted to 300 mg amiodarone to 20 mL, intravenous injection. Lidocaine can suppress premature ventricular fibrillation and acute myocardial infarction. The initial dose was 1-1.5mg/kg, ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia persists, increase the interval of 5-10 minutes 0.5-0.75mg/kg IV, the maximum dose of 3mg/kg. Lidocaine is generally only considered when no alternative medicine amiodarone. Magnesium ions can effectively terminate the long QT interval induced torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia, but on the QT interval of normal ventricular tachycardia is invalid. If the rhythm is torsades de pointes ventricular tachycardia may give 1-2g magnesium diluted 5-20min intravenous / intraosseous infusion. Vasopressin can be used before and after cardiac arrest. Vasopressin has been used to treat vasodilatory shock, such as sepsis syndrome and septic shock. The standard treatment of septic shock include: antibacterial, expansion, vasoconstrictor, cardiac drugs. However, a strong heart and vasoconstrictor drugs boost effect is not obvious, then vasopressin may be effective. Norepinephrine is naturally effective vasoconstriction and inotropic effects of the drug. Norepinephrine is usually reduced renal or mesenteric vascular resistance, but in sepsis can improve renal blood flow and urine output, can be applied to dopamine, benzene kidney or severe hypotension Methoxyamine ineffective and low peripheral vascular resistance patient. Noradrenaline in hypovolemic when applied inappropriately increased myocardial oxygen demand in ischemic cardiomyopathy patients should be used with caution. Add 250ml norepinephrine 4mg of 5% GS or 5% GNS solution, the initial dose of 0.5-1μg / min, with the effects of regulation. Can not be mixed with alkaline solution. Dopamine is catecholamines, dopamine in the recovery used in the treatment of hypotension, especially symptomatic bradycardia or hypotension after resuscitation. In combination with other drugs like dobutamine as hypotension after resuscitation treatment options. The usual dose 2-20μg/kg/min ,10-20μg / kg / min increase system and splanchnic vascular contractility, larger doses and other adrenergic medications reduce visceral organ perfusion. Dobutamine has a positive inotropic effect and can be used to treat severe systolic heart failure. General dose 2-20μg/kg/min, but patients in the emergency large individual differences in response to dobutamine in elderly patients decreased significantly. Dose> 20μg/kg/min, heart rate> 10% can cause or aggravate myocardial ischemia. Milrinone and amrinone are phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor, has a strong heart and a vasodilator. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors combined catecholamines often used to treat severe heart failure, cardiogenic shock, and other applications for individual patients catecholamines invalid. Applications should be OK hemodynamic monitoring. Within 10-15 minutes amrinone be loading dose 0.75mg/kg, and then to 5-15μg / kg / min infusion maintained. Since short half-life of milrinone (1.5-2.0 hours) and less likely to cause thrombocytopenia and often applied, were not required loading dose of 4.5-6 hours to reach stable plasma concentration. Slow bolus loading dose of milrinone (10 minutes 50μg/kg), then 0.375-0.75μg/kg/min intravenous maintain 2-3 days, renal failure dose reduction. Side effects include nausea and vomiting, and hypotension. Recovery after resuscitation and supportive treatment supportive treatment by hemodynamic instability, multiple organ failure and early death due to brain damage caused by the death of the late great significance. Improve the prognosis of patients after resuscitation recovery support advanced life support treatment is an important part. And in patients with ROSC after initial stabilization, there is still a high mortality. At this stage, should strengthen the circulatory, respiratory and nervous systems support; actively seek and treat reversible causes of cardiac arrest causes; monitoring body temperature, aggressive treatment of thermoregulation disorders and metabolic disorders. Restoration of spontaneous circulation after resuscitation support the primary purpose of treatment is to restore effective circulation of tissues and organs. The pre-hospital or hospital for treatment of patients with return of spontaneous circulation, must find the cause and treatment resulted in cardiac arrest, cardiac arrest after the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury caused by hypoxia. Active and spontaneous hypothermia induced after resuscitation therapy may play a role. Two randomized controlled clinical trials show that for pre-hospital ventricular fibrillation / cardiac arrest remains comatose after resuscitation, induced hypothermia (ROSC within minutes to hours after the temperature dropped to 33 ℃ or 32-34 ℃ , sustained 12-24h) may improve the prognosis. Hypothermia therapy clinical studies are mostly used in vitro techniques such as ice cooling blankets, ice packs, etc., often require several hours to reach the target temperature. Recent studies have started using in vivo infusion of ice-cooling techniques, such as saline, blood vessels built into the cooling ducts, etc., can make the body temperature quickly dropped to the target temperature. During this period, closely observed changes in body temperature is very important. For the recovery of patients after cardiac arrest, such as hemodynamic stability, spontaneous mild hypothermia (> 33 ℃) without rewarming treatment. On pre-hospital cardiac arrest caused by ventricular fibrillation, still unconscious after resuscitation hemodynamic stability but who should be the temperature dropped to 32-34 ℃, and maintain 12-24h. After resuscitation electrolyte imbalance may worsen the prognosis. Although many studies have found that strict glycemic control may improve prognosis and reduce deaths caused by an infection, because the infection is very common after resuscitation. Conduct a detailed clinical examination and chest X-ray examination is very necessary. At this point, you need to pay special attention to resuscitation cardiopulmonary complications, such as pneumothorax and tracheal intubation depth anomaly or ectopic and so on. Mechanical ventilation in patients with arterial blood gas results in accordance with, respiratory rate and extent of work of breathing to adjust, when spontaneous breathing becomes more active, mechanical ventilation should be gradually reduced until it becomes spontaneous breathing. Studies have shown that persistent hypocapnia (low PCO2) may cause decreased cerebral blood flow, increased cerebral ischemia. Cardiac arrest after the restoration of blood flow can lead to lasting 10 to 30 minutes a transient reactive hyperemia, accompanied by sustained long after the low-flow state. During this low perfusion time, the less flow (low oxygen-carrying) and higher oxygen metabolism conflict will occur. If the patient during this time the treatment with high ventilation, low PCO2 generated additional cerebral vasoconstriction effect will be further reduced cerebral blood flow, and further aggravate cerebral ischemia and injury. By the data obtained from patients with brain injury infer maintain normal levels of ventilation PCO2 is appropriate, while the conventional high ventilation therapy may be harmful. Cardiovascular system defibrillation and cardiac arrest after ischemia - reperfusion injury can lead to a transient myocardial stunning and functional disorders, and continued for some time, the vasoconstrictor make improvements. Or due to cardiac arrest during CPR, coronary blood flow interruption or severely reduced, causing myocardial ischemia, myocardial biochemical markers levels. Elevated levels of cardiac biochemical markers might also prompt cardiac arrest due to acute myocardial infarction. Hemodynamic resuscitation after cardiac arrest is usually unstable, multiple organ failure caused by the early death and persistent low cardiac related, it should be evaluated as soon as the patient's electrocardiogram, chest X-ray and electrolytes, cardiac biochemical markers and so on. Resuscitation of cardiac arrest during the first 24h echocardiography to guide subsequent treatment help. Hemodynamic instability via infusion of vasoactive drugs improvement after treatment. Invasive blood pressure monitoring can accurately measure arterial pressure, right to develop the most rational drug combination therapy, so that tissue perfusion to achieve the best help. If necessary, respond to fluid volume and vasoactive substances (such as norepinephrine, dopamine, milrinone, etc.) accurately quantified in order to maintain blood pressure, cardiac output and tissue perfusion. The patient to restore normal brain function and other organ functions are the basic objectives of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Stage in the recovery of spontaneous circulation, brain tissue after an initial transient hyperemia, due to microcirculation, decreased cerebral blood flow (no-reflow phenomenon). Unconscious patients should be maintained on a normal or slightly elevated mean arterial pressure, in order to ensure that the desired cerebral perfusion. Because heat and agitation can increase oxygen demand, it is necessary to consider the hypothermia treatment for fever. Once convulsions, must immediately be controlled with anti-seizure drugs. Edit this paragraph prevention of SCD prevention remains by far one of modern medicine has not been resolved. In recent years in the prevention of sudden cardiac arrest is to identify the major advances in cardiac arrest high-risk targets. Coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, especially in the acute stage of rehabilitation and subsequent chronic process, the risk of cardiac arrest is higher. In acute myocardial infarction within the first 72 hours, the potential risk of cardiac arrest can be as high as 15% to 20%. Myocardial infarction rehabilitation period (from the first three days until the first 8 weeks) with a history of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest whose greatest risk, such as general measures only to treatment, within 6 to 12 months mortality rate as high as 50% to 80%, of which 50% is sudden death. Only positive intervention to improved prognosis, mortality in 18 months can be reduced to 15% to 20%. 1, regular medical examinations: the elderly themselves are heart disease and a high risk of various diseases,adidas f50, should be regularly to the hospital for medical examination. Young, middle-aged work stress, fast-paced life, work life stress is also likely to suffer from coronary heart disease, hypertension and other diseases. Periodic medical examinations to facilitate the timely detection of disease early detection, early treatment, reducing the risk of sudden death. 2, to avoid fatigue and mental stress: fatigue and mental stress causes the body in stress, high blood pressure, heart burden, so that the original heart disease worse. Even if they had no structural heart disease can also cause ventricular fibrillation. So, everyone should work on their own, life has been arranged to control the pace of work and working time, can not be too fast too long. 3, quit smoking, limit alcohol, balanced diet, weight control, proper exercise, maintaining a healthy lifestyle will reduce the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. 4, pay attention to the danger signal and the importance of fatigue onset of precursor symptoms: fatigue can cause long-term changes in the body some. Such as anxiety, irritability, memory loss, difficulty concentrating, insomnia and poor quality of sleep, headache, dizziness, tinnitus, sexual dysfunction, hair loss and obvious. When the body does happen, you should adjust the pace of work, proper rest, allowing the body to restore function. If you can not alleviate should immediately go to hospital for treatment. 5, have been suffering from coronary heart disease, hypertension and other diseases under the guidance of a doctor should adhere to medication treatment. 6, attention to risk assessment of ventricular arrhythmias, including routine ECG, exercise stress test, Holter monitoring, other cardiac electrical technology (surface signal averaged ECG), echocardiography, cardiac electrophysiology examination and other tests to clear type of arrhythmia, SCD risk assessment, treatment decisions. 7, pay attention to strengthening the prevention of SCD after myocardial infarction. After acute myocardial infarction, chronic ventricular contraction and sudden cardiac death risk factors, particularly frequent (24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram showed ventricular contractions at 10 to 30 times / hour) ventricular contraction and paroxysmal, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia. If accompanied by significantly reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF ≤ 30%), the annual mortality rate of 20%. LVEF, left ventricular volume, heart rate variability or baroreflex sensitivity after myocardial infarction risk stratification of SCD helpful, followed by frequent ventricular contractions, paroxysmal, non-sustained ventricular tachycardia and resting heart rate . Not recommended for routine after myocardial infarction ventricular late potentials and cardiac electrophysiology examination. After myocardial infarction myocardial ischemia aggressive treatment is the main effective measures to prevent sudden death, myocardial infarction, positive exercise test, coronary angiography showed severe stenosis and actively seek their intervention or coronary artery bypass graft surgery treatment can effectively reduce the incidence of sudden death. SCD after myocardial infarction in high-risk patients prophylactic ICD therapy, compared with conventional drug treatment can significantly reduce mortality. And cardiac arrest can also occur in low-risk populations are considered, the fundamental basis for preventive measures should be committed to heart disease and cardiac arrest prevention of predisposing factors.

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substantia nigra (Substantia Nigra) structure and function of the substantia nigra pars compacta pathological structure and function of the substantia nigra reticulata expand Edit this paragraph the substantia nigra (Substantia Nigra) in the brain between the soles of the feet and the brain was covered with a large clumps of gray matter is the substantia nigra, found in the midbrain length. Substantia nigra cells rich in melanin synthesis of dopamine in the brain is the main nucleus. Nigra mainly telencephalon New striatum (caudate and putamen) with round-trip fiber links. For some reason the substantia nigra cell degeneration and reduced dopamine synthesis is induced parkinsonism (Parkinson disease) is a major cause. Under normal physiological conditions,adidas predator 2013, the substantia nigra is an important hub regulate movement.

the anatomical location of the substantia nigra [1]

Edit this paragraph structure substantia nigra substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons containing melanin. Therefore, in the brain slices,Adidas F50 TF, the neurons appear black. This is the name of the "substantia nigra" comes from. These neurons have long and thick dendrites, dendritic lot onto the ventral substantia nigra reticulata. Except in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the midbrain also dispersed There are many similar neurons. All of these melanin-containing neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway through (Nigrostriatal pathway) projected onto the striatum, transport neurotransmitter called dopamine. In addition, the substantia nigra neurons projecting to other basal ganglia nuclei, including the globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars compacta and the subthalamic nucleus. Substantia nigra neurons receiving from the network portion of the axon collateral input. These inputs are inhibitory. Function of the dopamine system is very complicated. Now generally believed that dopamine function is to learn what behaviors can lead to reward (reward,Nike Mercurial Vapor IX, such as food or sex). There is experimental evidence that the substantia nigra pars compacta dopamine neurons in the animal's reward is greater than expected when you get paid impulse. These impulses can be used to update the animal for reward expectations. Certain recreational drugs, such as cocaine reward to simulate the dopamine system response. This can be used to explain why these drugs cause addiction. Another study showed that dopamine function also has a relationship with the punishment. Pathological substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons apoptosis can lead to Parkinson's disease. This disease may be hereditary, it may be due to some unknown factors. Parkinson's disease may have a number of viral infections, or some toxins (e.g. MPTP) causes. Dopamine neuron lesions may also be associated with schizophrenia and some symptoms of depression. Edit this paragraph structure nigra reticulata substantia nigra reticulata neurons in the distribution of the far more dense ministry is sparse. Reticulata neurons in the globus pallidus neurons is quite similar in structure. Reticulata neurons mainly receive from the striatum, thalamus nucleus and substantia nigra pars compacta input. These neurons afferent dendrites and axons vertical striatum, which is the same as with the globus pallidus neurons. Substantia nigra reticulata neurons synthesize a become the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. These neurons through the substantia nigra thalamic tract (Nigrothalamic bundle) projected onto the thalamus and sports-related parts, namely ventral anterior thalamic nucleus (Ventralis anterior, VA). Ventral anterior thalamic nucleus and then projected onto the frontal cortex, including the eye area. Function substantia nigra reticulata neurons in the case of no input spontaneous firing impulses. Spontaneous firing rate in some primates can be up to 68 impulses / sec. Substantia nigra reticulata is basal ganglia output to the thalamus one moving part of the two channels. Another channel is the globus pallidus kernel. As reticular neurons projecting portion to the thalamus and oculomotor function related part, so the function of the mesh portion may involve jumping and eye gaze control.

 

 

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semi- variable costs Properties semi- variable costs are those that contain both variable cost also includes the cost of fixed costs . Semi- variable costs in the amount of the fixed component of the business regardless of how many have occurred ,mercurial 2013, and changes therein with the business component is related to the amount , and subsequently proportional change. Edit this paragraph properties are usually preceded by a base , generally the same, equivalent to fixed costs , on this basis , with the increased volume of business ,Nike Tiempo, the cost is proportional to a corresponding increase in variable costs equivalent . Available formula y = a + bx to represent. Such as heat treatment furnace equipment ,Nike Mercurial TF, each class needs to warm up , warm up and power consumption due to the cost , fixed cost nature of belonging ; while the power consumption of heat-treated after preheating costs , along with the gradual increase in the volume of business increases , and changes are cost nature .

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Chapter I Chapter II qualification level and scope of business application and approval of Chapter III Chapter IV qualification qualification examined Chapter VI Supervision and Administration Chapter V Legal Liability Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions Edit this paragraph Chapter I General Provisions Article 1 In order to strengthen sea use assessment qualification management, to ensure the quality of sea use argument, according to "People's Republic of Sea Area Use Management Law" and the use of sea areas to carry out feasibility studies of the actual circumstances of this requirement. These rules shall apply to sea use assessment qualification application, approval and management. The third argument is the use of the waters for the proposed uses of the sea through the natural and geographical conditions, resources, environment, location, socioeconomic status, regional distribution of productive forces, the use of sea history, sea capabilities, sea use or loss and disaster prevention, national security, etc. aspects of the survey, investigation, assessment analysis, project feasibility and sea use related countermeasures for government approval of the project to provide a scientific basis for the use of sea. Article engage in marine use demonstration units, must hold sea use assessment qualification certificate, comply with relevant state laws and regulations, technical norms and standards. Article waters of the State Oceanic Administration on the use of a unified management qualification argumentation. Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities marine administrative departments to assist the State Oceanic Administration of the administrative regions sea use assessment qualification supervision and inspection units. Edit this paragraph Chapter II qualification level and scope of business Sixth sea use assessment qualification is divided into A, B two. Article VII of the unit holds a qualification certificate to undertake demonstration projects using the waters of the business scope is unlimited. B qualification certificates held by the unit, bear the provincial level and below (including provincial) government approval of the project with the sea waters using demonstration projects. Article VIII qualification standard sea use argumentation developed and issued by the State Oceanic Administration. Edit this paragraph Chapter III qualification application and approval Article IX sea use assessment qualification applicant shall submit the following materials: (a) sea use assessment qualification application form; (two) proof of legal status and legal representative, chief technical director Resume and the appointment (appointment) file; (three) meet the qualification grading criteria relevant documents; (four) related to job performance and supporting materials; (five) will need to provide evidence or other material. Qualified applicant should be submitted qualification qualification certificate, a copy of a copy. Article 10 An applicant entity shall first apply B qualification, B qualification certificate obtained after three years, before they ask a qualified promotion applications. Article XI qualification application materials before the declaration shall Subordination department directly by the reporting unit signed opinions. Article XII qualification application materials shall be approved by the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities oceanic administrative department audit, the State Oceanic Administration approval. Units directly under the State Council departments qualification application materials after review by the relevant departments of the State Council, the State Oceanic Administration approval. Article 13 The State Oceanic Administration organization was founded sea use assessment qualification examination committee meets regularly qualification validation meetings, accreditation sea use assessment application for the qualification. Sea use assessment application for the qualification approval by the sea use assessment qualification review by the Commission after approval by the State Oceanic Administration, issued a "sea use argumentation Certificate." "Sea use assessment Certificate" is divided into original and copy, using the argument by the waters qualification unitholders. Article XIV commissioned by the State Oceanic Administration, State Oceanic Administration,Adidas F50 TF, or technical unit regularly or irregularly organize business training qualifications sea use argumentation. Qualification unit or qualification applicant shall organize the work involved in sea use assessment of the technical staff to participate in training, to receive training certificate. Training certificate is valid for three years. After expiry should be re-training. Edit this paragraph Article XV Chapter IV qualification waters examined using annual appraisal system demonstration qualification. State Oceanic Administration, State Oceanic Administration, or entrust organs (hereinafter referred to as annual authorities) responsible for the periodic review of qualification units annually whether the qualification standard, demonstrate the existence of quality problems, if there is illegal behavior. Article XVI qualification units in March of each year shall be examined and authority to submit the following materials examined: (a) sea use assessment qualifications examined table; (two) sea use assessment qualification certificate, a copy; (three) year completed sea ​​use directory and review comments demonstration projects photocopy; (four) where the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities administrative departments ocean views; (five) business training qualification sea use demonstration copy of the certificate; (six) other related qualification standard movements and related documents. Article XVII examined organ shall, in accordance with relevant state regulations and technical standards, the annual review of materials, and materials needed for the qualification units to submit annual spot checks carried out in 30 working days to pass, basically qualified, unqualified annual conclusions. Article XVIII qualification units meet the qualification standard, there is no demonstration of quality problems, there is no illegal acts, which examined the conclusion is qualified. Qualification units technology, equipment and management level have not reached a level of qualification standards, or there is a lighter argumentation quality problems, no serious damage, which examined the conclusion is basically qualified. Qualification units basically qualified for two consecutive years, or technology, equipment and management level has two or two or more does not meet the qualification standard, or there is a significant demonstration of quality problems, causing serious damage, or have illegal activities, annual Audit conclusions to be ineligible. Have been in accordance with the relevant laws, regulations and the regulations, be reduced level of qualification punishment, which examined not be repeated investigated. Article XIX annual unqualified conclusion, given pause by the State Oceanic Administration practice, reduce or revoke the qualification certificate level of qualification process. Article 20 During the year March 31, did not participate in the qualification units examined, its qualification certificate shall be invalidated, and a year may not apply for sea use assessment qualifications. Edit this paragraph Chapter V Supervision and Administration Article 21 The sea use assessment report shall indicate the commitment unit, qualification certificate level and number, signed by the legal representative. Twenty-two qualified entity shall be liable for argumentation. Article 23 of the missing sea use assessment qualification certificates, qualification units in public media should be declared invalid, and the State Oceanic Administration to apply for replacement procedures. Twenty-four qualification units to change the name, address,Nike Tiempo, legal representative, technical director, or bankruptcy, insolvency, revocation, out of business, etc., shall, within 30 days, the State Oceanic Administration to apply for a certificate change or cancellation procedures. Article 25 Any unit or individual may illegally withheld, confiscation "sea use argumentation Certificate." Article 26 Certificate expires, the original qualification units turned over to the State Oceanic Administration within 30 days. Edit this paragraph Chapter VI Legal Liability Article 27 The term qualification units of illegal activities include the following: (a) by fraud, concealment and other means to obtain a qualification certificate; (two) leapfrog or exceed the range specified in the certificate bears demonstration projects; (three) altered, forged, lend, transfer qualification certificates, or allow other units to bear the name of the unit demonstration projects; (four) irresponsible or fraud, resulting feasibility reports untrue; (five) other violations of laws and regulations behavior. One of the above acts by the State Oceanic Administration ordered to make corrections, confiscate the illegal income and impose a fine of 50,000 yuan,nike mercurial cr7 2013, ordered to suspend business for rectification, or lower level of qualification; circumstances are serious, revoked qualification certificate; constitute a crime, shall be held criminally responsible. The unit is revoked qualification certificate from the date of revocation, three years shall not apply sea use assessment qualifications. Article 28 undocumented, or borrow another qualification certificate, the illegal use of sea areas undertake demonstration projects, and its feasibility reports invalid by the State Oceanic Administration, the confiscation of their illegal income and may times the illegal income and impose a fine. Article 29 feasibility reports of poor quality or untrue, to the State or the user caused losses qualification unit shall pay compensation in accordance with relevant laws and regulations. Article 30 in the qualification management staff at the qualification approval and management of dereliction of duty, abuse of power, corruption, and shall be given administrative sanctions; constitutes a crime, be held criminally responsible. Edit this paragraph Chapter VII Supplementary Provisions Article 31 The State Oceanic Administration responsible for the interpretation. Article 32 These Regulations shall come into force the day of promulgation. 1999 State Oceanic Administration issued a "sea use feasibility qualification Interim Measures" shall be repealed simultaneously.

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School-based research implications for school-based research in the School's research study in the school-based study of the content of the subject of school-based teacher education and teaching practice is the object of study and the end of school-based problem-based research starting point to solve the problems and implement school-based development as the goal point to the significance of research-based study commenced Edit this paragraph the meaning of school-based research, is the "school-based research." Specifically, the meaning of school-based research is mainly reflected in the following three aspects: school-based research school education really takes place. This is the theoretical basis of school-based research. Therefore, the study of education or education can not be away from school. In order to study the school-based study is aimed to promote a sustainable development of the internal school motivation mechanism to promote school personalized, people-oriented construction and development. Studies in schools is the school laboratory. "Research in schools" is a school-based study of the basic requirements, because every school has other schools do not have the characteristics of some of the issues that it occurs often research other schools that are not able to fully resolve. Edit this paragraph the content of school-based study of school-based study of the subject teachers in school-based study, the teachers are the main body of research that the researchers. School-based study requires teachers to develop research in the teaching practice of consciousness, always being in the mentality of the researcher teaching into context, always thinking of the researcher to think and analyze teaching various problems encountered in practice. Teachers not only the issues of direct researchers, it is the direct beneficiaries of research. School-based education and teaching practice is the object of study and the end of school-based research questions not only directly from the majority of teacher education and teaching practice, but also throughout the whole process of their education, the study's starting point and goal is to solve the problem. In practice, research questions, applied and tested in practice, research performance, in practice, enrich and improve the research results. School-based research in practice,Nike Free 5.0 V4 Womens, action, teaching research conducted, which is the most fundamental teachers study characteristics. The problem is the starting point for research-based study of school-based teacher education is the practical problems encountered in the starting point for the study. School-based research "problem starting" point means teachers research "project" from his teacher education and teaching practice, their sources and pathways are "bottom-up" rather than "top down." Meanwhile, also means "subject" is the teachers' own problems "rather than" other people's problems, "occurs in teacher education and teaching practice in the" real problem "rather than" hypothetical question. " It should be noted that the emphasis on research-based study of the "bottom-up",nike mercurial cr7 2013, but not absolutely exclude those guiding teacher development value of the "top-down" research. To solve problems and achieve development targeting school-based research is based on "problem solving" and "school development" research. It is to "solve real problems, and improve the practical work, teaching effectiveness, improve teaching experience" for the direct purpose in order to "changing concepts of education, strengthen the rational consciousness, correct attitude toward research, improve research capacity" for the indirect purpose in order to "promote student, teachers and schools and common development "as the ultimate goal. In short, school-based research targeting that by addressing teachers' own problems "for the education and teaching to provide more valuable guidance to promote the development of teachers and schools, rather than" research "and" research. " Edit this paragraph based research significance (1) teacher training and teacher education center of gravity (2) research is to improve teachers' professional level and quality of teachers + effective way (3) educational research only return to practice, only more valuable ( 4) Teacher Education Research is a key force (5) research and teaching is a process of exploration, rather than a simple ready-made knowledge transfer (6) "School-based consciousness" establish (7) schools to build learning,2013 New Adidas Soccer Shoes, cooperation, communication and explore the campus culture (8) opening will become an important trend in the future development of the school [1]